The position of the Arthropoda in the phylogenetic system

Schmidt‐Rhaesa, Andreas; Bartolomaeus, Thomas; Lemburg, Christian; Ehlers, Ulrich; Garey, James R.

doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-4687(199812)238:3<263::aid-jmor1>3.3.co;2-c

Cited by 63 publications

(85 citation statements)

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“…have produced molecular phylogenies which maintain the traditional divergence between Protostomia Grobben, 1908 andDeuterostomia Grobben, 1908, and suggest a distant relationship between Annelida and Arthropoda (FIELD et al 1988;BALLARD et al 1992;WINNEPENNINCKX et al 1992WINNEPENNINCKX et al , 1998EERNISSE et al 1992;KIM et al 1996;GAREY et al 1996GAREY et al , 1998AGUINALDO et al 1997;EERNISSE 1997;GIRIBET & RIBERA 1998;ZRZAVÝ et al 1998;SCHIMIDT-RHAESA et al 1998). The heuristic value of these sequence data is clearly inferior to the genotypicphenotypic data produced from shared orthologous genes.…”

Section: Mollusk-like Cleavagesupporting

confidence: 82%

Polychaeta, Annelida, and Articulata are not monophyletic: articulating the Metameria (Metazoa, Coelomata)

et al. 2003

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Polychaetes are metameric worms recognized for having parapodia, chaetae, and nuchal organs. Some authors have extended the Annelida to include Pogonophora, Echiura, and Clitellata. These suggestions are insufficient to generate a monophyletic group. They do not take into account two very large and important clades that in a cladistic analysis at a higher level are shown to be nested within the Annelida: the Ecdysozoa (arthropods and related taxa) and Enterocoela (deuterostomes and related taxa). Evolutionary histories of most characters across metazoan phyla are still very poorly known. Metameres and coeloms have been considered homoplastic in the literature, and yet the homeobox genes responsible for the expression of metamerism and of paired appendages, at least, are very largely distributed among the Metazoa. A phylogenetic analysis was performed for the ingroups of Polychaeta, including Clitellata, Enterocoela, and Ecdysozoa as terminal taxa. The remaining non-metameric phyla Platyhelminthes, Nemertea, Mollusca, and Sipuncula were included to root the tree within the Bilateria. Empirical data was obtained from the literature and run with the software Hennig86 with two comparative interpretations of a priori hypotheses of primary homology: one with negative characters (coding losses) and another considering only positive characters (without assumptions about losses). The most relevant conclusions are: (1) Annelida and Polychaeta are non-monophyletic, even when including Echiura, Clitellata, and Pogonophora; (2) Articulata, as traditionally circumscribed for Annelida and Arthropoda, is also not monophyletic; (3) Metameria becomes monophyletic only when Ecdysozoa and Enterocoela are included in addition to the traditional annelid taxa; (4) Ecdysozoa are the sister group of Aphrodita; (5) Clitellata are related to deposit-feeding sedentary polychaetes (scolecids), and Questidae represent their sister group; (6) Owenia plus Enterocoela form a monophyletic group related to the tubicolous polychaetes

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Section: Mollusk-like Cleavagesupporting

confidence: 82%

Polychaeta, Annelida, and Articulata are not monophyletic: articulating the Metameria (Metazoa, Coelomata)

et al. 2003

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“…Our findings suggest that characters shared by tardigrades and cycloneuralians, such as a terminal mouth, protrusible mouth cone, triradiate pharynx, and a circumesophageal brain (9,23,51), are most likely ecdysozoan plesiomorphies. This is consistent with the fact that in our proposed phylogeny (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

MicroRNAs and phylogenomics resolve the relationships of Tardigrada and suggest that velvet worms are the sister group of Arthropoda

Campbell

Rota‐Stabelli

Edgecombe

et al. 2011

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

217

199

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Morphological data traditionally group Tardigrada (water bears), Onychophora (velvet worms), and Arthropoda (e.g., spiders, insects, and their allies) into a monophyletic group of invertebrates with walking appendages known as the Panarthropoda. However, molecular data generally do not support the inclusion of tardigrades within the Panarthropoda, but instead place them closer to Nematoda (roundworms). Here we present results from the analyses of two independent genomic datasets, expressed sequence tags (ESTs) and microRNAs (miRNAs), which congruently resolve the phylogenetic relationships of Tardigrada. Our EST analyses, based on 49,023 amino acid sites from 255 proteins, significantly support a monophyletic Panarthropoda including Tardigrada and suggest a sister group relationship between Arthropoda and Onychophora. Using careful experimental manipulations-comparisons of model fit, signal dissection, and taxonomic pruning-we show that support for a Tardigrada + Nematoda group derives from the phylogenetic artifact of longbranch attraction. Our small RNA libraries fully support our EST results; no miRNAs were found to link Tardigrada and Nematoda, whereas all panarthropods were found to share one unique miRNA (miR-276). In addition, Onychophora and Arthropoda were found to share a second miRNA (miR-305). Our study confirms the monophyly of the legged ecdysozoans, shows that past support for a Tardigrada + Nematoda group was due to long-branch attraction, and suggests that the velvet worms are the sister group to the arthropods.

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“…The cilia in the lumen of the hypocerebral organs might, therefore, be rudimentary structures without function, as have been reported to exist in other organisms (see Fawcett, 1981). In Ecdysozoa, epidermal motile cilia are lacking, probably as a corollary of the acquisition of a cuticle in ecdysozoans (Schmidt-Rhaesa et al, 1998). The presence of rudimentary cilia in the onychophoran hypocerebral organs, which are invaginated ectoderm, as well as the occasional presence of cilia on other parts of the ectoderm ( fig.…”

Section: The Neuroectoderm or The Ventral Organsmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…More recently, however, Onychophora and Euarthropoda have been placed in a clade called the Ecdysozoa (Aguinaldo et al, 1997;Schmidt-Rhaesa et al, 1998;Giribet et al, 2000;Manuel et al, 2000) together with the Cycloneuralia (i.e., animals such as nematodes and priapulids). However, arguments against the Ecdysozoa concept have also been presented (Wä gele et al, 1999).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Head development in the onychophoran Euperipatoides kanangrensis with particular reference to the central nervous system

Eriksson

Tait

Budd

2002

Journal of Morphology

135

110

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The neuroectoderm of the Euperipatoides kanangrensis embryo becomes distinguishable during germ band formation when the antennal segment is evident externally. During later stages of development, the neuroectoderm proliferates extensively and, at the anterior part of the head, newly-formed neuron precursor cells occupy most of the volume. The antenna forms from the dorsolateral side of the anterior somite. The antenna has no neuroectoderm of its own at the onset of its formation, but instead, neurons migrate out to the appendage from the nearby region of the developing brain. When the antennal tract is formed it is positioned horizontally in the brain, in line with the antennal commissure. Only later, and coincidentally with the anterior repositioning of the antenna, is the tract's distal part bent anteriorly and positioned laterally. The eye starts to develop posteriorly to the antenna and the antennal commissure. This suggests that the segment(s) associated with the onychophoran eye and antenna are not serially homologous with segments carrying equivalent structures within the Euarthropoda. Evidence is presented to further support the presence of a terminal mouth in the ground plan of the Onychophora and, hence, an acron may not exist in the arthropod clade.

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The position of the Arthropoda in the phylogenetic system

Cited by 63 publications

References 0 publications

Polychaeta, Annelida, and Articulata are not monophyletic: articulating the Metameria (Metazoa, Coelomata)

Polychaeta, Annelida, and Articulata are not monophyletic: articulating the Metameria (Metazoa, Coelomata)

MicroRNAs and phylogenomics resolve the relationships of Tardigrada and suggest that velvet worms are the sister group of Arthropoda

Head development in the onychophoran Euperipatoides kanangrensis with particular reference to the central nervous system

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