The polymorphic photopigments of the marmoset: spectral tuning and genetic basis.

Williams, Andrew; Hunt, David M.; Bowmaker, James K.; Mollon, J. D.

doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1992.tb05261.x

Cited by 117 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…The same sites also account for the spectral shift between the red and green LWS pigments of primates ( Neitz et al 1991;Ibbotson et al 1992;Williams et al 1992) and are also substituted in the duplicated LWS genes of the blind cave fish, Astyanax ( Yokoyama & Yokoyama 1990). These are all examples of convergent evolution in distantly related species and confirm the assertion (Hunt et al 2001(Hunt et al , 2004) that in many cases spectral tuning of a visual pigment can only be achieved by substitution at a limited number of sites that are able to interact with the chromophore to achieve the spectral shift and maintain a fully functional pigment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Cone visual pigments in two marsupial species: the fat-tailed dunnart (Sminthopsis crassicaudata) and the honey possum (Tarsipes rostratus)

Cowing¹,

Arrese²,

Davies

et al. 2008

Proc. R. Soc. B.

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Uniquely for non-primate mammals, three classes of cone photoreceptors have been previously identified by microspectrophotometry in two marsupial species: the polyprotodont fat-tailed dunnart (Sminthopsis crassicaudata) and the diprotodont honey possum (Tarsipes rostratus). This report focuses on the genetic basis for these three pigments. Two cone pigments were amplified from retinal cDNA of both species and identified by phylogenetics as members of the short wavelength-sensitive 1 (SWS1) and long wavelengthsensitive (LWS) opsin classes. In vitro expression of the two sequences from the fat-tailed dunnart confirmed the peak absorbances at 363 nm in the UV for the SWS1 pigment and 533 nm for the LWS pigment. No additional expressed cone opsin sequences that could account for the middle wavelength cones could be amplified. However, amplification from the fat-tailed dunnart genomic DNA with RH1 (rod) opsin primer pairs identified two genes with identical coding regions but sequence differences in introns 2 and 3. Uniquely therefore for a mammal, the fat-tailed dunnart has two copies of an RH1 opsin gene. This raises the possibility that the middle wavelength cones express a rod rather than a cone pigment.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Cone visual pigments in two marsupial species: the fat-tailed dunnart (Sminthopsis crassicaudata) and the honey possum (Tarsipes rostratus)

Cowing¹,

Arrese²,

Davies

et al. 2008

Proc. R. Soc. B.

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“…The mechanism of X-chromosome inactivation sorts these two into separate cone classes and trichromatic color vision emerges. Studies employing both classical pedigree analysis (15) and molecular genetic approaches (16,19) have provided strong support for this model.…”

Section: Cone Photopigment Polymorphismmentioning

confidence: 94%

Primate photopigments and primate color vision.

Jacobs

1996

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

231

127

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The past 15 years have brought much progress in our understanding of several basic features of primate color vision. There has been particular success in cataloging the spectral properties of the cone photopigments found in retinas of a number of primate species and in elucidating the relationship between cone opsin genes and their photopigment products. Direct studies of color vision show that there are several modal patterns of color vision among groupings of primates: (i) Old World monkeys, apes, and humans all enjoy trichromatic color vision, although the former two groups do not seem prone to the polymorphic variations in color vision that are characteristic of people; (ii) most species of New World monkeys are highly polymorphic, with individual animals having any of several types of dichromatic or trichromatic color vision; (iii) less is known about color vision in prosimians, but evidence suggests that at least some diurnal species have dichromatic color vision; and (iv) some nocturnal primates may lack color vision completely. In many cases the photopigments and photopigment gene arrangements underlying these patterns have been revealed and, as a result, hints are emerging about the evolution of color vision among the primates.The generalization that color vision is a more developed and acute capacity in primates than it is in other mammals came from a consideration of the natural history of mammals (1). There is now extensive experimental support for this proposition (2), but a surprise from the results of color-vision studies of the past two decades is that primate color vision is not monolithic. The substantial variations in color vision that have been revealed, both among the members of some species of primate and between various groupings of species, have provided the opportunity to examine in greater detail the biological mechanisms that underlie color vision, particularly the photopigments of cone photoreceptors and the genes crucial for the production of these photopigments. These findings also provide leads about the evolution of primate color vision, and they have served to reawaken interest in understanding the functional utility of color vision. Cone Photopigment PolymorphismThe biological process that results in color vision is initiated by the neural comparison of signals from classes of cone photoreceptor that contain spectrally distinct photopigments. Among other things, the nature of the color vision that ensues depends on the number of such classes of photopigment, the spectral separation of the photopigments, and the relative representation of the different pigments among the population of photoreceptors. An elegant feature of color vision is thatThe publication costs of this article were defrayed in part by page charge payment. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. §1734 solely to indicate this fact.variations in the number of types of cone pigment found in the retina normally map directly into the dimensionality of color vi...

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“…Dmel, Drosophila rnelanugusfer [7,8,11,121; Dps, Drusophilu pseudoobscuru [lo] ; Cull, Culliphoru erythrocephula [33]. [28][29][30][31][36][37][38][39][40], in close proximity therefore to the Schiff's base linkage in helix VII, whereas helix V appears devoid of such sites. Moreover, all but one of these substitutions involve either loas of an hydoxyl group or a charge gain, changes that are known to be associated in vertebrate pigments with blue shifts in i,nax .…”

Section: -Sphodromantis Sps (Praying Mantis)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterisation of the Ultraviolet‐Sensitive Opsin Gene in the Honey Bee, Apis Mellifera

Bellingham

Wilkie

Morris

et al. 1997

European Journal of Biochemistry

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The cDNA sequence of the ultraviolet-sensitive opsin in the honey-bee, Apis mellifera, with associated 5' and 3' untranslated regions, is presented. The analysis of genomic structure reveals seven introns in the coding region of the gene, with six at novel positions for an insect opsin gene. The equivalent site to the counterion in vertebrate opsins is occupied by a Tyr residue. This contrasts with the presence of Phe at this site in the ultraviolet-sensitive opsins of Drosophila sps. A comparison of the amino acid sequence within the seven a-helical transmembrane regions of insect ultraiiiolet/blue-sensitive opsins identifies substitution at five sites that involve either replacement of a polar with a non-polar residue, or a change in charge. Such changes are known to result in spectral shifts in \,errhate pigments. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that the ultraviolet-sensitive pigments represent an ancient class of insect opsins.Keywords: ultraviolet-sensitive opsin ; visual pigment ; spectral tuning ; honey bee ; Apis mellifera.The trichromatic basis of the colour vision in the honey bee, Apis mellqera, was first demonstrated by Daumer [I] using mixed colour trials with free-flying bees, and the ability to discriminate colours was confirmed electrophysiologically by Autrum and Zwehl [2]. Trichromacy in A. rnellqera is dependent on the presence of three classes of photoreceptors in the compound eye with peak sensitivities (Aman) at 540 nm (green-sensitive), 435 nm (blue-sensitive), and 335 nm (ultraviolet-sensitive) [3, 41. The i , , , , of each class of photoreceptor is determined by the presence of its own unique visual pigment. These visual pigments are composed of a protein moiety (opsin) that forms seven transmembrane a-helices. The chromophore, which in the case of the honey bee is 11-cis-retinal, is covalently bound via a protonated Schiff's base to a Lys residue in the seventh transmembrane region. Of the three rhodopsins present in the compound eye of A. mellifera, the ultraviolet-sensitive rhodopsin is perhaps the most interesting from ecological, physiological and phylogenetic perspectives.Ultraviolet-sensitive opsins in insects are believed to be important both for orientation by polarized ultraviolet light [5] and in the detection of nectar or honey guides which are present on the flowers of many species of plants [6]. However, to date, the only insect ultraviolet-sensitive opsins to have been studied at the molecular level are the Rh3 and Rh4 genes of Drosophila species [7-lo]; little is known about the mechanism of spectral tuning that shifts the peak sensitivity of these pigments to below that of native 11-cis-retinal at 380 nm.From an evolutionary perspective, it is unknown whether the ultraviolet-sensitive opsins of insects are a recent addition to

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The polymorphic photopigments of the marmoset: spectral tuning and genetic basis.

Cited by 117 publications

References 24 publications

Cone visual pigments in two marsupial species: the fat-tailed dunnart (Sminthopsis crassicaudata) and the honey possum (Tarsipes rostratus)

Cone visual pigments in two marsupial species: the fat-tailed dunnart (Sminthopsis crassicaudata) and the honey possum (Tarsipes rostratus)

Primate photopigments and primate color vision.

Characterisation of the Ultraviolet‐Sensitive Opsin Gene in the Honey Bee, Apis Mellifera

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