“…First, these organizations can provide services and forms of advocacy that are specifically targeted to the needs of temporary migrants, thus creating an incentive for them to join and mobilize (Heyes 2009;Fitzgerald and Hardy 2010;Martinez-Lucio et al 2013). Second, they can involve transnational or multinational forms of membership, which allow migrant workers to engage and be represented even before departure, or when they are back home (Gordon 2007;Piper 2015;Connolly et al 2019). Third, membership in migrant organizations and trade unions does not require, on the part of temporary migrants, inclusion in the host society or any deep engagement with its social and political system, although of course, the organizations themselves often need, and have, deep ties to the territory and extensive networks, and make the presence of migrants within the host society highly visible.…”