The Politics of Pacific Ocean Conservation: Lessons from the Pitcairn Islands Marine Reserve

Alger, J. G.; Dauvergne, Peter

doi:10.5509/201790129

Cited by 9 publications

(11 citation statements)

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“…The most prevalent NGO ‘inside’ strategy targeting government and/or intergovernmental actors across the studies was lobbying policymakers, identified in 54 studies [ 13 , 23 , 26 , 29 , 32 , 36 , 40 – 42 , 44 , 48 , 52 , 61 , 71 , 72 , 78 , 82 – 85 , 89 , 93 , 97 – 100 , 103 , 108 , 109 , 112 , 114 – 116 , 118 , 120 – 135 ]. NGO lobbying in the literature included through formal policy processes such as submissions [ 13 , 32 , 89 , 93 , 98 , 99 , 130 , 132 , 134 , 135 ], and informal processes such as through hallway corridor conversations with policymakers [ 97 , 128 , 132 , 133 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A framework of NGO inside and outside strategies in the commercial determinants of health: findings from a narrative review

Townsend,

Johnson,

Ralston

et al. 2023

Global Health

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Background Public health scholarship has uncovered a wide range of strategies used by industry actors to promote their products and influence government regulation. Less is known about the strategies used by non-government organisations to attempt to influence commercial practices. This narrative review applies a political science typology to identify a suite of ‘inside’ and ‘outside’ strategies used by NGOs to attempt to influence the commercial determinants of health. Methods We conducted a systematic search in Web of Science, ProQuest and Scopus. Articles were eligible for inclusion if they comprised an empirical study, explicitly sought to examine ‘NGOs’, were in English, and identified at least one NGO strategy aimed at commercial and/or government policy and practice. Results One hundred forty-four studies met the inclusion criteria. Eight industry sectors were identified: extractive, tobacco, food, alcohol, pharmaceuticals, weapons, textiles and asbestos, and a small number of general studies. We identified 18 types of NGO strategies, categorised according to the target (i.e. commercial actor or government actor) and type of interaction with the target (i.e. inside or outside). Of these, five NGO ‘inside’ strategies targeted commercial actors directly: 1) participation in partnerships and multistakeholder initiatives; 2) private meetings and roundtables; 3) engaging with company AGMs and shareholders; 4) collaborations other than partnerships; and 5) litigation. ‘Outside’ strategies targeting commercial actors through the mobilisation of public opinion included 1) monitoring and reporting; 2) protests at industry sites; 3) boycotts; 4) directly engaging the public; and 5) creative use of alternative spaces. Four NGO ‘inside’ strategies directly targeting government actors included: 1) lobbying; 2) drafting legislation, policies and standards; 3) providing technical support and training; and 4) litigation. NGO ‘outside’ strategies targeting government included 1) protests and public campaigns; 2) monitoring and reporting; 3) forum shifting; and 4) proposing and initiating alternative solutions. We identified three types of NGO impact: substantive, procedural, and normative. Conclusion The analysis presents a matrix of NGO strategies used to target commercial and government actors across a range of industry sectors. This framework can be used to guide examination of which NGO strategies are effective and appropriate, and which conditions enable NGO influence.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A framework of NGO inside and outside strategies in the commercial determinants of health: findings from a narrative review

Townsend,

Johnson,

Ralston

et al. 2023

Global Health

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“…It is clear, however, that the Ross Sea region MPA has set a precedent through its designation of a time-bound, high seas MPA. Both the Ross Sea region MPA and others have set precedent before, in both international and national contexts 36,50,51 . For example, the establishment of the Phoenix Islands Protected Area in Kiribati -once the largest MPA in the world-set a precedent for largescale MPAs, and for other Pacific Small Island Developing States to establish their own large-scale MPAs 51 .…”

Section: Precedent Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Both the Ross Sea region MPA and others have set precedent before, in both international and national contexts 36,50,51 . For example, the establishment of the Phoenix Islands Protected Area in Kiribati -once the largest MPA in the world-set a precedent for largescale MPAs, and for other Pacific Small Island Developing States to establish their own large-scale MPAs 51 . Precedent setting can sometimes be a strategic plan by Nation States, or can be an unintended consequence 52,53 .…”

Section: Precedent Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of Antarctic governance on marine protected areas in the Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction Agreement negotiations

Nocito,

Brooks

2023

npj Ocean Sustain

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With the Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ) Agreement adopted, the negotiations process left questions related to what would be included in the final text and how the BBNJ Agreement architecture would function. The Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR), an international body, has successfully established high seas marine protected areas (MPAs), a key aspect of the BBNJ Agreement. Here, we investigate if and how CCAMLR has influenced negotiations on the BBNJ Agreement and how it may influence the forthcoming structure. This work used ethnographic notes and documents from the negotiations and interviews with actors who overlapped at both the BBNJ negotiations and the CCAMLR meetings to elucidate themes of influence that CCAMLR has had on the BBNJ negotiations. We found that CCAMLR is influencing the BBNJ negotiations in several ways, including through setting precedent and as an example for lessons learned. Additionally, we found that there was a divergence of views on whether CCAMLR would be considered a competent body by the decision-making mechanism of the BBNJ Agreement to establish MPAs due to the issues CCAMLR faces on reaching consensus. We found that some aspects of CCAMLR, such as the exclusivity (i.e., restricted to only actors working within the CCAMLR space) was perceived negatively by interviewees, thus affecting the BBNJ Agreement negotiations through hidden red lines. With the BBNJ Agreement adopted, there is still the potential for CCAMLR to be an example for the BBNJ structure and to be a participant in the BBNJ Agreement architecture.

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“…But, unlike for most global norms (Price, ; Humphreys, ; Betsill and Corell, ), environmental NGOs (ENGOs) did not advocate for large MPAs in a cohesive coalition in multilateral proceedings. Instead, they focused their efforts on identifying specific large MPA sites and lobbying for them domestically (Alger and Dauvergne, ). These targeted efforts allowed ENGOs to devote their resources to specific campaigns, rather than general lobbying for large MPAs that were already institutionalized in international law through the CBD and Aichi targets anyway.…”

Section: The Emergence and Strengthening Of A Large Mpa Normmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Global Norm of Large Marine Protected Areas: Explaining variable adoption and implementation

Alger

Dauvergne

2017

Env Pol Gov

Self Cite

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Since 2006, governments have designated or announced 18 marine protected areas (MPAs) larger than 200 000 km2. Before then there was only one: Australia's Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, established in 1975. To explain this marked shift in state governance of marine biodiversity, this article points to the importance of a gradual strengthening over the past decade of a global norm that large MPAs, especially no‐take reserves, are valuable for meeting conservation objectives and targets. As is true for most global environmental norms, the large MPA norm emerged primarily out of civil society, especially from groups framing large MPAs as an effective way to help stop ocean decline. Importantly, however, the article demonstrates that the adoption of this norm is uneven across states, and implementation of large MPAs varies widely as governmental and non‐governmental forces interact – sometimes clashing, sometimes cooperating – with fishing, tourism and resource industries. For evidence, this article draws on fieldwork and 74 interviews across five large MPA cases: Papahānaumokouākea (2006) and the Pacific Remote Islands in the US (2009); the Coral Sea in Australia (2012); the Palau National Marine Sanctuary (2015); and the UK's Pitcairn reserve (2015). A comparative analysis of these cases reveals the influence of non‐governmental groups (especially The Pew Charitable Trusts and the National Geographic Society) on the gradual strengthening of the large MPA norm; the importance of the large MPA norm for the formation of marine policy; and the significance of domestic political economies for shaping variable norm adoption and state implementation. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment

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The Politics of Pacific Ocean Conservation: Lessons from the Pitcairn Islands Marine Reserve

Cited by 9 publications

References 0 publications

A framework of NGO inside and outside strategies in the commercial determinants of health: findings from a narrative review

A framework of NGO inside and outside strategies in the commercial determinants of health: findings from a narrative review

The influence of Antarctic governance on marine protected areas in the Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction Agreement negotiations

The Global Norm of Large Marine Protected Areas: Explaining variable adoption and implementation

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