The Politics of Inclusion: Black Political Incorporation and the Use of Lethal Force

Ochs, Holona LeAnne

doi:10.1080/15377938.2011.594363

Cited by 13 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 85 publications

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“…The coefficient on the share of black officers is negative and statistically significant at the 5 percent level, though the coefficient for the share of Hispanic officers in a department is not statistically significant. The negative and significant coefficient for the share of black officers is consistent with Legewie and Fagan (2016) and Nicholson-Crotty et al (2017), but at odds with Smith (2003) and Ochs (2011). Because the diversity of the overall police force is likely correlated with the chances that a department will have a nonwhite police chief, I enter the following variables into the regression in column 3: share of black officers, share of Hispanic officers, and indicators for a black police chief and a Hispanic police chief.…”

Section: Data Sources and Methodologysupporting

confidence: 78%

“…There is some conflicting evidence on the effect of racial composition and diversity of the police force on police violence. Smith (2003) finds no effect of the racial composition of a police force and its incidence of police killings of felons, while Ochs (2011) shows that rates of lethal force are higher when the proportion of black officers in a department increases. In research by Legewie and Fagan (2016), a more diverse police force reduces the rates at which blacks are killed by police officers.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Leadership Matters: Police Chief Race and Fatal Shootings by Police Officers

2020

Social Science Quarterly

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Objective This study analyzes the relationship between the race of a city's police chief and the incidence of fatal shootings by police officers. Methods The Washington Post's “Fatal Force Database” is used to calculate per‐capita rates of fatal shootings by police officers occurring between January 1, 2015 and June 1, 2020 for the 100 largest cities in the United States. I compare fatal shooting rates for cities with police chiefs of different races, both unadjusted and adjusted for differences in city characteristics. Results Rates of fatal shootings by officers are almost 50 percent higher in cities with police forces led by white police chiefs than in cities with black police chiefs. Of the 30 cities with the highest rates of fatal shootings, 23 have police departments led by whites and only four have departments led by blacks, while of the 30 cities with the lowest rates, 16 have police departments led by blacks and only 11 are led by whites. Differences in fatal shooting rates persist after controlling for city characteristics. Conclusion Leaders in the highest position of authority may have a powerful effect on the culture of a police department and its resulting behavior.

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Section: Data Sources and Methodologysupporting

confidence: 78%

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confidence: 99%

Leadership Matters: Police Chief Race and Fatal Shootings by Police Officers

2020

Social Science Quarterly

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“…In some cases, studies have confirmed the finding that hiring more minority officers does not correlate with a reduction in the killing of citizens (see, e.g., Holmes and Smith ; Smith and Holmes ). Alternatively, some work has shown that the use of lethal force increases with the proportion of black officers (Ochs ). Finally, other studies have found that white officers are more likely to use deadly force than their black or Hispanic counterparts (see, e.g., McElvain and Kposowa ).…”

Section: Literature On Police Force Demographicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Will More Black Cops Matter? Officer Race and Police‐Involved Homicides of Black Citizens

Nicholson‐Crotty

Fernández

2017

Public Administration Review

162

136

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His research focuses on the management of public organizations, intergovernmental relations, and the diffusion of policy innovations among governments. Practitioner Point• Increasing the proportion of the force that is black does not appear to be an effective strategy for reducing police-involved homicides of black citizens in most large cities. Americans by the police, thanks in part to a number of now well-known specifics. The most salient of these are that Officer Wilson was white; Michael Brown was black and unarmed; there was a lack of clear evidence that Mr. Brown was doing anything that would have justified his killing; videos of his body lying in the street were replayed repeatedly by media around the nation; and a grand jury failed to indict Officer Wilson for Mr. Brown ' s death.

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“…However, there is also research that has found in general, minority officers can be harsher towards people of color based on deployment practices, struggling to fit in primarily white departments, or seeing themselves different from the people they policed (Alex, 1969; Dulaney, 1996; Heyman, 2002). Due to problems with reporting police shootings, it was not entirely clear whether Black officers had a higher rate of shootings than white officers (Ochs, 2011; Smith, 2003). In one of first research studies focusing on officer involved shootings and military status, Reingle Gonzalez et al.…”

Section: Overview Of Police Violence and The Importance Of Scholarly Activismmentioning

confidence: 99%

The racialized patterns of police violence: The critical importance of research as praxis

Durán

Shroulote-Durán

2021

Sociology Compass

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The tragic killing of George Floyd at the hands of the police resulted in hundreds of thousands of protestors marching in the streets demanding change. The call for change criticized the killing of Blacks by law enforcement and challenged White supremacy as an institution of social control and racial violence. A key component of the marches and protests was a message to the residents of the United States: “Black Lives Matter.” As society grapples with a reckoning, researchers studying police violence for the past 6 decades have been empirically and theoretically debating the reasons why use of force by law enforcement continues to have a higher proportion of Black and Brown victims compared to Whites. Although the research on fatal police killings was studied by only a small number of individuals prior to 2014, after the killing of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri the research in different areas of the country increased rapidly as did the forms of analysis and research disciplines making their own contributions. The Washington Post and Guardian news agencies established that deaths at the hands of the police were occurring for at least 900 to 1100 individual deaths per year for which firearms resulted in the greatest cause of death. As US government agencies failed to produce a national data source on police involved killings, the media took a leading role in providing greater national understanding. The authors examine what role academic researchers contribute to the discussion for solutions, particularly those from marginalized backgrounds. As protestors march, lawyers sue and defend, and politicians create new forms of legislation, researchers need to play a more important role initiating critical studies, making sense of the data, and providing a theoretical framework for which police violence can be understood. This article will provide an overview of the literature on racialized police violence, point out key patterns involving racial and ethnic disparities, and emphasize how researchers can play a more important role in advocating for change.

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The Politics of Inclusion: Black Political Incorporation and the Use of Lethal Force

Cited by 13 publications

References 85 publications

Leadership Matters: Police Chief Race and Fatal Shootings by Police Officers

Leadership Matters: Police Chief Race and Fatal Shootings by Police Officers

Will More Black Cops Matter? Officer Race and Police‐Involved Homicides of Black Citizens

The racialized patterns of police violence: The critical importance of research as praxis

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