“…The way certain issues or events are framed has a significant impact on public awareness, given that citizens may have few other sources of information (Entman, 1991). As such, framing analysis has been applied to the media coverage of a wide array of different events and issues pertaining to the Middle East and Islam: from the Iraq war of 2003 and the more recent battle against the ‘Islamic State’ (Isakhan, 2014; Mulherin and Isakhan, 2019); to coverage of the Arab Spring (Al-Rawi, 2015; Guzman, 2016; Oz, 2016), through the controversy surrounding the building of mosques in American cities or the publication of the ‘Mohammad cartoons’ in European newspapers (Bowe and Makki, 2015; Strömbäck et al, 2008), and on to the conflation of terrorism and the Islamic religion in the mainstream global media (Powell, 2011; Rane and Ewart, 2012).…”