“…However, for some, the prison environment can be counter-therapeutic, with potential issues including endemic violence and drug use, insufficient staffing, problematic access to meaningful activities, and spending lengthy periods in-cell. 20 The experience of imprisonment may, for some, be traumatising, or re-traumatising, and this can limit recovery from traumatic stress. 21 To mitigate the complex social, environmental and psychological factors that may alter outcomes, specialist trauma therapies may need to be embedded within a whole-system, trauma-informed approach.…”