“…2 At the beginning of the 1840s, almost 90 percent of Americans were still living in rural areas (US Census, 1840), where access to external information was limited. States had extended su↵rage to almost all adult white males by 1840 and citizens demonstrated a strong interest in politics (Silbey, 2014;Altschuler and Blumin, 1997). The primary source of political information during this era were newspapers, and newspaper content was predominantly 2 A precursor of the electric telegraph was the semaphore telegraph, which conveyed information through visual signals, using towers with pivoting shutters that could form into di↵erent positions to encode messages.…”