The Political Economy of Schooling in Cambodia: Issues of Quality and Equity

Higher Education Integration in ASEAN: ASEAN University Network Case

“…Soon after the end of the Khmer regime in 2009, the new government in Cambodia began to improve the qualities of the local 134 educational institutions (Kitamura et al, 2016). The Ministry of Education holds main authority in ruling the higher education, focusing on the improvement and enhancement of its internal quality.…”

Anti-discrimination measures in education: A comparative policy analysis

“…Spending by international partners on Cambodia's education sector seems to be increasingly focused on secondary education and technical education as challenges have emerged. As Kitamura et al (2016) argue, the education system has been beset by corruption in the form of informal fees, bribery, and redirection of budgeted money. For example, recent anti-corruption reforms around the national grade 12 examinations have dropped the pass rate from 80 per cent to 40 per cent and there are strong concerns that even students with secondary education do not have the skills needed to secure employment in a rapidly developing economy.…”

“…Assessments by the Ministry of Education (2006,2007,2008) showed challenges in enrolment in and completion of secondary education, achieving quality learning, and reaching the most marginalized and remote groups living in Mondulkiri and Ratanakiri province (Royal Government of Cambodia 2014; Kitamura et al 2016 Within primary education, recent government planning documents recognize that remote ethnic minority groups have been left behind and a more comprehensive policy for inclusion has been developed and implemented (IMF 2006; Royal Government of Cambodia 2014). Mondulkiri and Ratanakiri province, the region where most minority groups live, 7 lags behind across all the 6 Note: the government documentation tends to talk about regions and areas rather than ethnic groups.…”