The Polish Version of the Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder Questionnaire—Parents Report (ARFID-Q-PR) and the Nine Items Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder Screen—Parents Report (NIAS-PR): Maternal Perspective

Abstract

The aim of the present study was to develop and validate the Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder Questionnaire—Parents Report (ARFID-Q-PR), a new tool to diagnose ARFID, based on a report submitted by Polish mothers of children aged 2 to 10 years. In total, 167 mothers of boys and girls aged 2 to 10 participated in the study. We used the ARFID-Q-PR and the Nine Items Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder Screen—Parents Report (NIAS-PR). In addition, all mothers were asked to provide information on age, sex, height and weight, chronic somatic diseases, neurodevelopmental and mental disorders as well as intellectual disability of their children. Results of the reliability analysis demonstrated that the ARFID-Q-PR had adequate internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha of 0.84). The stability of the ARFID-Q-PR factorial structure was confirmed. It is composed of three subscales: (1) attitudes to food; (2) justification for restrictions; (3) somatic symptoms. Our findings demonstrated that the ARFID-Q-PR total score was positively associated with the NIAS-PR total score. In addition, children with developmental and mental disorders substantially demonstrated more ARFID symptoms than did the children in the general population. The Polish version ARFID-Q-PR can be used to recognize the ARFID symptoms in young children by the main feeder in the family—mother or father.

Psychometric properties of the nine-item avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder screen (NIAS) in Turkish children

“…In the study that the NIAS was developed and first validated, Cronbach's α for the Total score was 0.90 [ 7 ], 0.86 in the Chinese NIAS validity study [ 10 ], 0.88 in the Polish study [ 29 ], 0.84 in the Mexican study [ 30 ], and alpha 0.81 in the Turkish NIAS. In addition, the three-factor structure in our study also exhibited internal consistency similar to other studies.…”

Symptoms of Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder among 2–10-Year-Old Children: The Significance of Maternal Feeding Style and Maternal Eating Disorders

“…The current study is part of a research project focusing on the psychological correlates of ARFID among children. The procedure of the study was described in detail in the previous work [ 45 ]. That work focused on increasing the availability of validated ARFID symptom measures for children, in Polish, by developing a new measure, the Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder Questionnaire—Parents Report (ARFID-Q-PR), and by evaluating its measurement properties [ 45 ].…”

“…The procedure of the study was described in detail in the previous work [ 45 ]. That work focused on increasing the availability of validated ARFID symptom measures for children, in Polish, by developing a new measure, the Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder Questionnaire—Parents Report (ARFID-Q-PR), and by evaluating its measurement properties [ 45 ]. The present study, however, has concentrated on maternal feeding style and symptoms of eating disorders, and their relationship with ARFID symptoms in children.…”

“…The study sample consisted of 207 mothers of 2–10-year-old children. The sample consisted of mothers who participated in the ARFID-Q-PR validation study ( n = 167) [ 45 ] and additional data were collected in this study from mothers of children with developmental disorders (e.g., autism spectrum disorders, sensory disorders) ( n = 40). Among all mothers, 44.92% ( n = 93) had a daughter and 55.07% ( n = 114) had a son.…”

“…The ARFID Questionnaire—Parents Report (ARFID-Q-PR) was developed in Poland [ 45 ]. The questionnaire consists of 14 items (e.g., “My child does not eat some dishes because he or she thinks they have an unpleasant consistency/texture”, “My child spits out food”).…”