The PMIP4 contribution to CMIP6 – Part 3: The last millennium, scientific objective, and experimental design for  the PMIP4 &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;past1000&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; simulations

Jungclaus, Johann; Bard, Édouard; Baroni, Mélanie; Braconnot, Pascale; Cao, Jian; Chini, L. P.; Egorova, ‪Tatiana; Evans, M. N.; González-Rouco, J. Fidel; Goosse, Hugues; Hurtt, George C.; Joos, Fortunat; Kaplan, Jed O.; Khodri, Myriam; Goldewijk, Kees Klein; Krivova, N. A.; LeGrande, Allegra N.; Lorenz, Stephan; Luterbacher, Jürg; Man, Wenmin; Maycock, Amanda C.; Meinshausen, Malte; Moberg, Anders; Muscheler, Raimund; Nehrbass-Ahles, Christoph; Otto-Bliesner, Bette; Phipps, Steven J.; Pongratz, Julia; Rozanov, Eugene; Schmidt, Gavin A.; Schmidt, Hauke; Schmutz, W.; Schurer, Andrew; Шапиро, А. И.; Sigl, Michael; Smerdon, Jason E.; Solanki, S. K.; Timmreck, Claudia; Toohey, Matthew; Usoskin, Ilya; Wagner, Sebastian; Wu, Chi Ju; Yeo, Kok Leng; Zanchettin, Davide; Zhang, Qiong; Zorita, Eduardo

doi:10.5194/gmd-10-4005-2017

Cited by 189 publications

(153 citation statements)

References 171 publications

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“…Such biases can, in turn, influence the representation of Atlantic multidecadal variability in the North Atlantic (Drews & Greatbatch, ) and its main driver, the AMOC, and thus contribute to the diversity in the underlying model mechanisms (Buckley & Marshall, ). Last millennium simulations are also subject to uncertainties in external forcings, such as the timing and magnitude of the major volcanic eruptions (Sigl et al, ; Swingedouw et al, ) or the amplitude of the changes in solar irradiance (Jungclaus et al, ). There is also evidence that internal climate variability contributed substantially to North Atlantic regional climate changes in the past millennia (Goosse et al, ; Moreno‐Chamarro, Zanchettin, Lohmann, & Jungclaus, ), which hampers any direct model‐data comparisons.…”

Section: Studying Past Ocean Changesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Variability in the Northern North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans Across the Last Two Millennia: A Review

Moffa-Sánchez

Moreno-Chamarro

Reynolds

et al. 2019

Paleoceanog and Paleoclimatol

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The climate of the last two millennia was characterized by decadal to multicentennial variations, which were recorded in terrestrial records and had important societal impacts. The cause of these climatic events is still under debate, but changes in the North Atlantic circulation have often been proposed to play an important role. In this review we compile available high‐resolution paleoceanographic data sets from the northern North Atlantic and Nordic Seas. The records are grouped into regions related to modern ocean conditions, and their variability is discussed. We additionally discuss our current knowledge from modeling studies, with a specific focus on the dynamical changes that are not well inferred from the proxy records. An illustration is provided through the analysis of two climate model ensembles and an individual simulation of the last millennium. This review thereby provides an up‐to‐date paleoperspective on the North Atlantic multidecadal to multicentennial ocean variability across the last two millennia.

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Section: Studying Past Ocean Changesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Variability in the Northern North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans Across the Last Two Millennia: A Review

Moffa-Sánchez

Moreno-Chamarro

Reynolds

et al. 2019

Paleoceanog and Paleoclimatol

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“…Section 5 finally outlines the analysis plan of the LGM experiments. There are two companion papers which document the other PMIP4-CMIP6 experiments: the last interglacial and mid-Holocene and the last millennium (Jungclaus et al, 2017). In addition, Kageyama et al (2016) provide an overview of the PMIP4-CMIP6 project.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The PMIP4 contribution to CMIP6 – Part 4: Scientific objectives and experimental design of the PMIP4-CMIP6 Last Glacial Maximum experiments and PMIP4 sensitivity experiments

et al. 2017

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Abstract. The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, 21 000 years ago) is one of the suite of paleoclimate simulations included in the current phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). It is an interval when insolation was similar to the present, but global ice volume was at a maximum, eustatic sea level was at or close to a minimum, greenhouse gas concentrations were lower, atmospheric aerosol loadings were higher than today, and vegetation and landsurface characteristics were different from today. The LGM has been a focus for the Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project (PMIP) since its inception, and thus many of the problems that might be associated with simulating such a radically different climate are well documented. TheLGM state provides an ideal case study for evaluating climate model performance because the changes in forcing and temperature between the LGM and pre-industrial are of the same order of magnitude as those projected for the end of the 21st century. Thus, the CMIP6 LGM experiment could provide additional information that can be used to constrain estimates of climate sensitivity. The design of the Tier 1 LGM experiment (lgm) includes an assessment of uncertainties in boundary conditions, in particular through the use of different reconstructions of the ice sheets and of the change in dust forcing. Additional (Tier 2) sensitivity experiments have been designed to quantify feedbacks associated with landsurface changes and aerosol loadings, and to isolate the role of individual forcings. Model analysis and evaluation will capitalize on the relative abundance of paleoenvironmental observations and quantitative climate reconstructions already available for the LGM.

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“…provide an overview of the five selected time periods and the experiments. More specific information is given in the contributions for the last millennium (past1000) by Jungclaus et al (2017), for the last glacial maximum (lgm) by Kageyama et al (2017), for the mid-Pliocene warm period (midPliocene-eoi400) by Haywood et al (2016), and the present paper the mid-Holocene (midHolocene) and the previous interglacial (lig127k). PMIP4 has adopted the CMIP6 categorization where the highest-priority experiments are classified as Tier 1, whereas additional sensitivity experiments or dedicated studies are Tier 2 or Tier 3.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The PMIP4 contribution to CMIP6 – Part 2: Two interglacials, scientific objective and experimental design for Holocene and Last Interglacial simulations

et al. 2017

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Abstract. Two interglacial epochs are included in the suite of Paleoclimate Modeling Intercomparison Project (PMIP4) simulations in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). The experimental protocols for simulations of the mid-Holocene (midHolocene, 6000 years before present) and the Last Interglacial (lig127k, 127 000 years before present) are described here. These equilibrium simulations are designed to examine the impact of changes in orbital forcing at times when atmospheric greenhouse gas levels were similar to those of the preindustrial period and the continental configurations were almost identical to modern ones. These simulations test our understanding of the interplay between radiative forcing and atmospheric circulation, and the connections among large-scale and regional climate changes giving rise to phenomena such as land-sea contrast and highlatitude amplification in temperature changes, and responses of the monsoons, as compared to today. They also provide an opportunity, through carefully designed additional sensitivity experiments, to quantify the strength of atmosphere, ocean, cryosphere, and land-surface feedbacks. Sensitivity experiments are proposed to investigate the role of freshwater forcing in triggering abrupt climate changes within interglacial epochs. These feedback experiments naturally lead to a focus on climate evolution during interglacial periods, which will be examined through transient experiments. Analyses of the sensitivity simulations will also focus on interactions between extratropical and tropical circulation, and the relationship between changes in mean climate state and climate variability on annual to multi-decadal timescales. The comparative abundance of paleoenvironmental data and of quantitative climate reconstructions for the Holocene and Last Interglacial make these two epochs ideal candidates for systematic evaluation of model performance, and such comparisons will shed new light on the importance of external feedbacks (e.g., vegetation, dust) and the ability of state-of-the-art models to simulate climate changes realistically.

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The PMIP4 contribution to CMIP6 – Part 3: The last millennium, scientific objective, and experimental design for the PMIP4 <i>past1000</i> simulations

Abstract: Abstract. The pre-industrial millennium is among the periods selected by the Paleoclimate Model Intercompari-

Cited by 189 publications

References 171 publications

Variability in the Northern North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans Across the Last Two Millennia: A Review

Variability in the Northern North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans Across the Last Two Millennia: A Review

The PMIP4 contribution to CMIP6 – Part 4: Scientific objectives and experimental design of the PMIP4-CMIP6 Last Glacial Maximum experiments and PMIP4 sensitivity experiments

The PMIP4 contribution to CMIP6 – Part 2: Two interglacials, scientific objective and experimental design for Holocene and Last Interglacial simulations

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