The Pleistocene Gomphotheriidae (Proboscidea) from South America

Prado, José Luis; Alberdi, María Teresa; Azanza, Béatriz; Sánchez, B.; Frassinetti, Daniel

doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2004.04.012

Cited by 101 publications

(102 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Each subsequent molar tends to be larger and to have a more complex crown surface than the previous tooth (Mothé and Avilla 2008). As they wear down, they display depressions in a clover-like format (Paula-Couto 1979, Prado et al 2001, Alberdi et al 2007, Mothé and Avilla 2008. Asher and Lehmann (2008) suggest that many similarities are shared by Afrotherian mammals (Proboscidea, Sirenia, Hyracoidea, Tubulidentata, Macroscelididae, Tenrecidae and Chrysochloridae) mainly concerning the pattern of dental ontogeny and replacement.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Like its closest relatives of Elephantidae (e.g., extant elephants and mammoth), mastodons are characterized by a brachicephalic and brevirrostrine skull and a quite short jaw symphysis (Osborn 1921, Paula-Couto 1979, Prado et al 2001, Prado and Alberdi 2008. Haynes (1991) suggests that extinct taxa, as Mammut, Mammuthus and mastodons, may not have lived in the same habitats, but they presented the same behavior and their life histories could be similar to the ones of extant proboscideans.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Population structure of the gomphothere Stegomastodon waringi (Mammalia: Proboscidea: Gomphotheriidae) from the Pleistocene of Brazil

Mothé¹,

Avilla²,

Winck³

2010

An. Acad. Bras. Ciênc.

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The Quaternary fossil record of Águas de Araxá (QAA) is represented mainly by an accumulation of skeletal elements of several sizes, which are assigned to a population of Stegomastodon waringi. We analyzed 97 molars according to the wear stages of Simpson and Paula-Couto (1957), and developed a morphometric wear index. The population structure (proportion of immature, subadult, adult, mature adult and senile adult individuals) was identified, and these five age classes were compared to those of extant elephant populations and defined with social implications. The analysis made possible to establish that the population is largely composed of adults: 14.89% are immature individuals, 23.04% subadults, 27.65% adults, 17.21% mature adults and another 17.21% senile adults. Based on population structure, we do not discard the possibility that the fossil population was stable or in recovery, and/or was experiencing a high-predation period on younger individuals. The number of individuals composing the past population studied here could suggest that the occupied environment was open due to comparisons to populations of extant elephants. We consider this population as an aggregation of family units, which suggests a time of low environmental humidity. Based on literature and our findings, their extinction appears to be regional and probably related to a catastrophic event.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Population structure of the gomphothere Stegomastodon waringi (Mammalia: Proboscidea: Gomphotheriidae) from the Pleistocene of Brazil

Mothé¹,

Avilla²,

Winck³

2010

An. Acad. Bras. Ciênc.

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“…An association of stone tools with gomphotheres is reported from Valsequillo (Puebla, Mexico), but the association is not confirmed (29). In South America, however, gomphotheres in archaeological contexts are well documented (30) although only a few are Cuvieronius (31).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human (Clovis)–gomphothere (Cuvieroniussp.) association ∼13,390 calibrated yBP in Sonora, Mexico

Sánchez

Holliday

Gaines³

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

129

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Significance Archaeological evidence from Sonora, Mexico, indicates that the earliest widespread and recognizable group of hunter-gatherers (“Clovis”) were in place ∼13,390 y ago in southwestern North America. This is the earliest well-documented population on the continent and suggests that the unique Clovis artifact style originated in the southwest or south central part of the continent, well south of the Arctic gateways into the continent. These hunters targeted gomphotheres, an elephant common in south and central North America, but unknown in association with humans or at this late age in North America.

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“…2) is a New World gomphothere known from the Pliocene-Pleistocene of North America and the Pleistocene of Central and South America (e.g., Dudley, 1996;Lambert, 1996;Lambert & Shoshani, 1998;Prado et al, 2005;Lucas, 2008a;Ferretti, 2008). Cuvieronius is generally considered closely related to or derived Tobien, 1973;Kurtén & Anderson, 1980;Webb & Perrigo, 1984;Miller, 1990;dudley, 1996).…”

Section: Cuvieroniusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fossil proboscidea from the upper cenozoic of central america: taxonomy, evolutionary and paleobiogeographic significance

Lucas

Alvarado

2010

Rev. Geol. Amér. Central

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The Pleistocene Gomphotheriidae (Proboscidea) from South America

Cited by 101 publications

References 27 publications

Population structure of the gomphothere Stegomastodon waringi (Mammalia: Proboscidea: Gomphotheriidae) from the Pleistocene of Brazil

Population structure of the gomphothere Stegomastodon waringi (Mammalia: Proboscidea: Gomphotheriidae) from the Pleistocene of Brazil

Human (Clovis)–gomphothere (Cuvieroniussp.) association ∼13,390 calibrated yBP in Sonora, Mexico

Fossil proboscidea from the upper cenozoic of central america: taxonomy, evolutionary and paleobiogeographic significance

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