The plasmatic and salivary levels of IL-1β, IL-18 and IL-6 are associated to emotional difference during stress in young male

Abstract

Saliva collection is considered a non-invasive method to detect inflammatory markers in response to emotional states within natural social contexts. Numerous studies have prompted an important role of cytokines in modulating distinct aspects of social and emotional behavior. The aim of this study was to investigate the reliability of plasma and saliva as investigative tools for measure some inflammatory marker levels (CRP, IL-1β, IL-18, and IL-6). At the same time, the relationships between these markers and emotional states in response to a socio-cognitive stress (Academic Exam, AE), were considered. It was demonstrated that the plasma and saliva concentrations of all immune-mediators analyzed were significantly related across the socio-cognitive stress. In addition, when there was a close correlation to AE, the anger state, the IL-1β, the IL-18 salivary and plasmatic concentrations were significantly higher, while they decreased during the AE. On the other hand, the anxiety state and the IL-6 levels significantly increased throughout the AE. The IL-1β and IL-6 were positively associated to the anger and the anxiety state, respectively. In conclusion, our data highlight that different immune markers are similarly detectable in plasma and saliva during socio-cognitive stress. Also, they could be related to different emotional responses.

Prospective examination of synthetic 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine inhalation: effects on salivary IL-6, cortisol levels, affect, and non-judgment

“…2b). Since salivary and plasma concentrations of the evaluated biomarkers are closely correlated, at least within the context of inflammatory and stress markers, saliva has been suggested as a potential qualitative surrogate for plasma in biomarker studies (La Fratta et al 2018). Although the sample and effect sizes are low, our results suggest a possible anti-inflammatory effect of 5-MeO-DMT in humans.…”

Does the Punishment Fit the Crime (and Immune System)? A Potential Role for the Immune System in Regulating Punishment Sensitivity

“…Another potential limitation of Study 2 was our measurement of IL-1β in participants' saliva samples, as opposed to peripheral blood samples (e.g., plasma or serum). Research into the strength of correlations between salivary and plasma/serum levels of cytokines across different contexts has yielded mixed results (e.g., Cruz-Almeida et al, 2017;La Fratta et al, 2018;Lee et al, 2018), and overall, there is a paucity of research on the topic. However, our primary objective for measuring levels of IL-1β was to provide a manipulation check on the prediction that exposure to the dirty room (compared to the clean room) would lead to a rise in inflammation.…”

“…Therefore, any relationship found between room condition and reward or punishment sensitivity may be mediated by a host of other candidate immunological proteins (i.e., other than IL-1β, e.g., interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha; Simen et al, 2006;Treadway et al, 2017). Second, although previous research suggests that changes in levels of salivary cytokines reliably capture experimental immune activation (e.g., stress; Walsh et al, 2016;Newton et al, 2017;La Fratta et al, 2018), it is uncertain whether cytokines in saliva themselves directly influence central nervous system activity. In other words, changes in salivary cytokines serve as a valid proxy of inflammatory activity in response to an experimental manipulation, but may not themselves directly predict downstream psychological and behavioral processes.…”

Feasibility Outcomes of a Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial to Increase Cruciferous and Green Leafy Vegetable Intake in Posttreatment Head and Neck Cancer Survivors

“…Blood Collection-At the baseline and 12-week study assessment visits, non-fasting whole blood (8.5 mL serum separator tube) were drawn via venipuncture by a trained phlebotomist at the University of Alabama-Birmingham Clinical Research Unit. Participants were asked to avoid smoking, alcohol, and exercise for 24 hours prior to collection primarily because of their acute effects on serum cytokines [31][32][33][34] . Serum samples for cytokines were processed and frozen using standard operating procedures consistent with expert consensus recommendations 35 and four 0.5 mL serum aliquots were prepared and stored at −80°C until batch-analysis for cytokines and carotenoids.…”