The plasma zinc/serum copper ratio as a biomarker in children with autism spectrum disorders

Faber, Scott; Zinn, Gregory M.; Kern, John C.; Kingston, H. M.

doi:10.1080/13547500902783747

Cited by 157 publications

(118 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Casting a wide net, we included demographic characteristics, diagnostic measures, symptom severity, and exploratory laboratory analyses (prolactin, leptin, and mineral assays). Mineral assays were included because of reports of mineral abnormalities in autism, especially zinc and copper and their ratio (Faber et al 2009) and such related proteins as ferritin and ceruloplasmin (Chauhan et al 2004) and because prolactin, known to be increased by risperidone, has been suspected of increasing ceruloplasmin (DiSilvestro 1986). First, potential moderators (Table 1) and mediators (Table 2) were entered into respective correlation matrices to check for collinearity.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Moderators, Mediators, and Other Predictors of Risperidone Response in Children with Autistic Disorder and Irritability

Arnold

Farmer

Kraemer

et al. 2010

Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology

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Objective/Background: The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Research Units on Pediatric Psychopharmacology (RUPP) Autism Network found an effect size of d ¼ 1.2 in favor of risperidone on the main outcome measure in an 8-week double-blind, placebo-controlled trial for irritability in autistic disorder. This paper explores moderators and mediators of this effect. Method: Intention-to-treat (ITT) analyses were conducted with suspected moderators and mediators entered into the regression equations. MacArthur Foundation Network subgroup guidelines were followed in the evaluation of the results. Results: Only baseline severity moderated treatment response: Higher severity showed greater improvement for risperidone but not for placebo. Weight gain mediated treatment response negatively: Those who gained more weight improved less with risperidone and more with placebo. Compliance correlated with outcome for risperidone but not placebo. Higher dose correlated with worse outcome for placebo, but not risperidone. Of nonspecific predictors, parent education, family income, and low baseline prolactin positively predicted outcome; anxiety, bipolar symptoms, oppositional-defiant symptoms, stereotypy, and hyperactivity negatively predicted outcome. Risperidone moderated the effect of change in 5 0 -nucleotidase, a marker of zinc status, for which decrease was associated with improvement only with risperidone, not with placebo.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Moderators, Mediators, and Other Predictors of Risperidone Response in Children with Autistic Disorder and Irritability

Arnold

Farmer

Kraemer

et al. 2010

Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology

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“…A significant decrease in the hair concentration of Zn in schizophrenic patients than that of its control group was observed [24]. The amount of zinc in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) has also proved to be decreased [25].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Copper is of great importance for the normal development and function of the brain, so that the value of copper increases in the serum of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) [25]. Being a structural component and/or a cofactor of several enzymes, copper is involved in many physiological pathways in the brain.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Research on the Level of Zinc and Copper in the Hair of Students with Lower IQ

Meghrazi

Sabet²,

Kheradmand

et al. 2017

Zahedan J Res Med Sci

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Background: The measurement of trace elements in human body has proved to be of great use in the evaluation of human health and the diagnosis of various diseases. No light, however, has been shed on these elements where they concern the human intelligence. Objectives:The goal is to make a comparison between the students with a lower IQ and those having an ordinary IQ in terms of the amount of zinc and copper as two trace elements. Methods: This is a case-control study and the subjects as the patients were chosen from mentally retarded students having no particular diseases. The sample size for the patient and control was 30 for each. The hair samples of the experimental group and the ordinary students (the control group) were digested with concentrated HNO3 after being washed with water and acetone. After being digested, the values of zinc and copper in the samples were measured with atomic absorption spectroscopy. The obtained data were analyzed using SPSS-15 via two independent sample tests of significance tests.

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“…There are numerous studies with the same theme reporting nutritional status and mineral deficiencies in autistic children [50][51][52][53][54]. However, the conclusions of their studies, in which the restricted age (over 4-years-old) of children and number of minerals were examined, were not consistent, and the critical environmental factors remained to be established.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fetal and Neonatal Endocrine Disruptors

2015

Environmental Hazards and Neurodevelopment

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Abstract:The interactions between genes and the environment are now regarded as the most probable explanation for autism. In this review, we summarize the results of a metallomics study in which scalp hair concentrations of 26 trace elements were examined for 1,967 autistic children (1,553 males and 414 females aged 0-15 years-old), and discuss recent advances in our understanding of epigenetic roles of infantile mineral imbalances in the pathogenesis of autism. In the 1,967 subjects, 584 (29.7%) and 347 (17.6%) were found deficient in zinc and magnesium, respectively, and the incidence rate of zinc deficiency was estimated at 43.5% in male and 52.5% in female infantile subjects aged 0-3 years-old. In contrast, 339 (17.2%), 168 (8.5%) and 94 (4.8%) individuals were found to suffer from high burdens of aluminum, cadmium and lead, respectively, and 2.8% or less from mercury and arsenic. High toxic metal burdens were more frequently observed in the infants aged 0-3 years-old, whose incidence rates were 20.6%, 12.1%, 7.5%, 3.2% and 2.3% for aluminum, cadmium, lead, arsenic and mercury, respectively. These findings suggest that infantile zinc-and magnesium-deficiency and/or toxic metal burdens may be critical and induce epigenetic alterations in the genes and genetic regulation mechanisms of neurodevelopment in the autistic children, and demonstrate that a time factor "infantile window" is also critical for neurodevelopment and probably for therapy. Thus, early metallomics analysis may lead to early screening/estimation and treatment/prevention for the autistic neurodevelopment disorders.

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The plasma zinc/serum copper ratio as a biomarker in children with autism spectrum disorders

Cited by 157 publications

References 45 publications

Moderators, Mediators, and Other Predictors of Risperidone Response in Children with Autistic Disorder and Irritability

Moderators, Mediators, and Other Predictors of Risperidone Response in Children with Autistic Disorder and Irritability

A Research on the Level of Zinc and Copper in the Hair of Students with Lower IQ

Fetal and Neonatal Endocrine Disruptors

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