The plant immune system

Jones, Jonathan D. G.; Dangl, Jeffery L.

doi:10.1038/nature05286

Cited by 10,920 publications

(10,579 citation statements)

References 104 publications

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“…Across angiosperm lineages, plant defense signaling is based on core sets of phytohormones ( e.g ., jasmonic acid; JA) and proteins ( e.g ., receptors that sense microbial proteins, such as Flagellin sensitive 2; FLS2). Genetic diversity is further shaped by co-evolution driven by arms race dynamics between plants and microbes – affecting, for example, both resistance genes [6,7] and the factors that regulate them, e.g. miRNAs [8,9].…”

Section: Evolutionary Phytopathology: the Nuts-and-bolts Of Plant-micmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The pathogen recognition system is based upon two components: pattern triggered immunity (PTI) and effector triggered immunity (ETI) [6]. The latter is more specific towards the infecting pathogen because plant resistance genes ( R genes) recognize effector proteins secreted by, and specific to, a certain pathogen [51].…”

Section: Pti and Eti In Non-flowering Land Plants And Maybe Streptophmentioning

confidence: 99%

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On plant defense signaling networks and early land plant evolution

Vries

Dahlen

Gould

et al. 2018

Communicative & Integrative Biology

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All land plants must cope with phytopathogens. Algae face pathogens, too, and it is reasonable to assume that some of the strategies for dealing with pathogens evolved prior to the origin of embryophytes – plant terrestrialization simply changed the nature of the plant-pathogen interactions. Here we highlight that many potential components of the angiosperm defense toolkit are i) found in streptophyte algae and non-flowering embryophytes and ii) might be used in non-flowering plant defense as inferred from published experimental data. Nonetheless, the common signaling networks governing these defense responses appear to have become more intricate during embryophyte evolution. This includes the evolution of the antagonistic signaling pathways of jasmonic and salicylic acid, multiple independent expansions of resistance genes, and the evolution of resistance gene-regulating microRNAs. Future comparative studies will illuminate which modules of the streptophyte defense signaling network constitute the core and which constitute lineage- and/or environment-specific (peripheral) signaling circuits.

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Section: Evolutionary Phytopathology: the Nuts-and-bolts Of Plant-micmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Pti and Eti In Non-flowering Land Plants And Maybe Streptophmentioning

confidence: 99%

On plant defense signaling networks and early land plant evolution

Vries

Dahlen

Gould

et al. 2018

Communicative & Integrative Biology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Ectopic expression of PRRs for MAMPs 6, 7 and the DAMP signal eATP 8 , as well as in vivo release of the DAMP molecules, oligogalacturonides 9 , have all been shown to enhance resistance in transgenic plants. Besides PRR-mediated basal resistance, plant genomes encode hundreds of intracellular nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat (NB-LRR) immune receptors (also known as “R proteins”) to detect the presence of pathogen effectors delivered inside plant cells 10 . Individual or stacked R genes have been transformed into plants to confer effector-triggered immunity (ETI) 11, 12 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

uORF-mediated translation allows engineered plant disease resistance without fitness costs

Yuan

et al. 2017

Nature

271

189

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Controlling plant disease has been a struggle for mankind since the advent of agriculture. Studies of plant immune mechanisms have led to strategies of engineering resistant crops through ectopic transcription of plants’ own defence genes, such as the master immune regulatory gene NPR11. However, enhanced resistance obtained through such strategies is often associated with significant penalties to fitness2, making the resulting products undesirable for agricultural applications. To remedy this problem, we sought more stringent mechanisms of expressing defence proteins. Based on our latest finding that translation of key immune regulators, such as TBF13, is rapidly and transiently induced upon pathogen challenge (accompanying manuscript), we developed “TBF1-cassette” consisting of not only the immune-inducible promoter but also two pathogen-responsive upstream open reading frames (uORFsTBF1) of the TBF1 gene. We demonstrate that inclusion of the uORFsTBF1-mediated translational control over the production of snc1 (an autoactivated immune receptor) in Arabidopsis (At) and AtNPR1 in rice enables us to engineer broad-spectrum disease resistance without compromising plant fitness in the laboratory or in the field. This broadly applicable new strategy may lead to reduced use of pesticides and lightening of selective pressure for resistant pathogens.

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“…Successful infection relies primarily on the success of the release of the effectors, which in many cases are responsible for the suppression of plant immunity [32]. The initial recognition of conserved microbial features, known as pathogen – associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), leads to PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) in the host [31].…”

Section: What Is Known So Far?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Resistance (R) to adapted pathogens is achieved through specific recognition of effectors, also known as avirulence proteins, by corresponding R proteins produced by the plant host. This effector-R protein recognition constitutes the second level of immune response, effector-triggered immunity (ETI) [32]. P. brassicae is a well-adapted pathogen of Brassica hosts; though indirect evidence suggests lack of either response [33], both PTI and ETI have not been well-characterized in the host- P. brassicae pathosystem.…”

Section: What Is Known So Far?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of Plasmodiophora brassicae effectors — A challenging goal

et al. 2018

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Clubroot is an economically important disease affecting Brassica plants worldwide. Plasmodiophora brassicae is the protist pathogen associated with the disease, and its soil-borne obligate parasitic nature has impeded studies related to its biology and the mechanisms involved in its infection of the plant host. The identification of effector proteins is key to understanding how the pathogen manipulates the plant’s immune response and the genes involved in resistance. After more than 140 years studying clubroot and P. brassicae, very little is known about the effectors playing key roles in the infection process and subsequent disease progression. Here we analyze the information available for identified effectors and suggest several features of effector genes that can be used in the search for others. Based on the information presented in this review, we propose a comprehensive bioinformatics pipeline for effector identification and provide a list of the bioinformatics tools available for such.

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The plant immune system

Cited by 10,920 publications

References 104 publications

On plant defense signaling networks and early land plant evolution

On plant defense signaling networks and early land plant evolution

uORF-mediated translation allows engineered plant disease resistance without fitness costs

Identification of Plasmodiophora brassicae effectors — A challenging goal

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