The Planning and Practice of Coastal Zone Management in Southern Spain

Abstract

This paper examines coastal management policies in southern Spain in the context of the state's role in the promotion of sustainable development practices. It recognises the critical importance of the coast as a landscape resource for both visitors and residents and, in addition, the latter's rights to enjoy access to it as public property. Attention is directed at both physical protection of the coast through erosion control programmes and urban planning policies, with special emphasis on the 1988 Shores Act that attempts to treat coastal planning in a more integrated manner than has historically been the case. The underlying rationale to introduce a more environmentally sensitive treatment of the coast is discussed together with the attempts to confront illegal occupancy through re-establishment of public ownership and control of land-use in the coastal zone. Positive achievements in beach management, and changing attitudes to the law, are seen as evidence that the message of sustainability is beginning to be heard. However, such success contrasts with failure to control the wider urban development process which continues (even in developments that postdate the Shores Act) to reflect short-term economic rather than environmental prerogatives. Thus severe limitations upon the maintenance of a quality coastal environment are likely to continue without enforcement of buffer zones at the regional level or a more radical designation of more of the coast as 'protected'. Such may well be encouraged eventually by the very same economic interests that are concerned to retain Spain's position in the global tourism market by providing an environment that is attractive to visitors.

Environmental Sustainability: A Case of Policy Implementation Failure?

“…Some authors pointed to the absence of appropriate laws [32,48,53,59,61,71,74,88,92,99,[108][109][110][111]. In other circumstances, legislation was present but either inadequate or not enforced [36,43,45,46,51,53,62,67,74,109,112]. A lack of land/property rights was also a significant barrier in the USA, Asia and Africa [30,34,50,69,98].…”

“…In some cases, economic development objectives were prioritised over environmental concerns or policies [32,37,41,[43][44][45][46][47][48][49]52,56,57,60,65,67,73,76,88,90,106,119]. Bromley [65] found that setting pollution targets in the USA resulted in a policy 'lock-in' that was not able to respond to a dynamic market.…”

“…The second most common economic cause of policy implementation failure was the favouring of economic outcomes over environmental sustainability [32,[40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49]. Rogers and Wilkinson [41] argued that the failure to pass the Canada Endangered Species Protection Act was due to the framing of all discussions in the economic context with commercial interests valued over species protection.…”

“…Hence, political and economic factors are the predominant causes of policy failures and are clearly linked regardless of scale or level of development. Most often, this occurs when economic issues are given political priority over environmental and sustainability issues [32,[43][44][45][46][47][48][49]57].…”

Evaluating tourism development models for Bodrum peninsula in Turkey

“…There have been several studies focusing on the sustainability of tourism, planning efforts on coastal regions, the monitoring of the development, accelerating the transformation process, developing alternative tourism approaches and improving the quality, and these have become the main strategies in order to redefine the image of the coastal destinations facing these problems [2][3][4][5][6][7][8].…”