The Place of Variation in Phonological Theory

Coetzee, Andries W.; Pater, Joe

doi:10.1002/9781444343069.ch13

Cited by 192 publications

(118 citation statements)

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“…According to Coetzee & Pater (2011), phonological variation is "a situation in which a single morpheme can be realized in more than one phonetic form in a single environment". American English t/d-deletion (Labov, 1989;Guy, 1994;Coetzee, 2004), forms of reduplication in Ilokano (Hayes & Abad, 1989;Boersma & Hayes, 2001;Coetzee, 2006), and Japanese geminate devoicing (Coetzee & Kawahara, 2012) are all well-known examples of phonological variation.…”

Section: Background and Purposementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In generative phonology, underlying lexical items may be changed by phonological derivation, which begins with the application of lexical phonological rules, followed by the application of post-lexical phonological rules (Kiparsky, 1982(Kiparsky, , 1985(Kiparsky, , 1993Anttila, 1997). Coetzee & Pater (2011) used the more neutral terms of early and late phonology to avoid characterizing the distinction between different levels of the phonological grammar in a too theory-specific way. In general, the characteristics of early phonology are that: (a) it is sensitive to morphology due to its direct interaction with the lexicon, (b) there may be lexical exceptions, 2 (c) there are only categorical changes at this level, (d) input to this level is single words, and (e) there is no contact with phonetics.…”

Section: Variation In Phonologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In other words, variation is limited to post-lexical phonology, also referred to as late phonology by Coetzee & Pater (2011). Kiparsky (1985) cited the application of English nasal place assimilation, which can occur both lexically and post-lexically.…”

Section: Variation In Phonologymentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Nature of Variation in Tone Sandhi Patterns of Shanghai and Wuxi Wu

Yan¹

2018

Frontiers in Chinese Linguistics

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The primary goal of this dissertation is to understand the variation patterns in suprasegmental processes and what factors influence the patterns. To answer the questions, we investigated the variation patterns of tone sandhi in the Shanghai and Wuxi Wu dialects of Chinese.Shanghai disyllables and trisyllables have been documented to have two different sandhi patterns: tonal extension and tonal reduction. Some items can only undergo tonal extension, some items can only undergo tonal reduction, and some can variably undergo either type of sandhi. Previous works have indicated that the syntactic structure, semantic transparency, and lexical frequency of the items all play a role in the sandhi application.Additionally, the morpheme length of trisyllabic items (1+2, 2+1) is also expected to affect their sandhi application.A variant forms' goodness rating experiment, together with a lexical frequency rating experiment and a semantic transparency rating experiment, showed that syntactic structure has a primary effect on sandhi application in general. It overrides the effect of semantic transparency, especially in modifier-noun items. The nature of the lexical frequency effect in Shanghai is related to the syntactic structure of the lexical item. Morpheme length effect is not found.Wuxi disyllables and trisyllables also have been observed to have two different sandhi patterns: tonal substitution and no sandhi. Some items can only apply tonal substitution, and some can apply either form variably. Syntactic structure and semantic transparency have been iv reported to affect Wuxi sandhi application, and morpheme length is also expected to have an effect in trisyllabic sandhi application.The three rating experiments conducted in Wuxi found that due to the lexical listedness of the opaque substitution pattern, frequency influences both modifier-noun and verb-noun positively, although modifier-noun prefers tonal substitution form more. Semantic transparency effect is only apparent for verb-noun disyllables. Moreover, morpheme length also distinguishes sandhi application between 1+2 and 2+1 modifier-noun items.In all, by using quantitative rating experiments, the present study shows that tone sandhi variation is regulated by both grammatical factors, such as syntactic structure, morpheme length, phonological opacity, and nongrammatical factors, such as lexical frequency.v

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Section: Background and Purposementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Variation In Phonologymentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Nature of Variation in Tone Sandhi Patterns of Shanghai and Wuxi Wu

Yan¹

2018

Frontiers in Chinese Linguistics

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“…An approach that is implementationally much closer to the one here is that of indexed constraints, as developed in Pater (2006Pater ( , 2008; Coetzee and Pater (2008);and Becker (2009). When, in the course of learning, a ranking contradiction occurs, a constraint is chosen to be "cloned", or split into two differently-ranked versions that apply to different sets of words.…”

Section: Other Models Of Lexical Variationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is probably an idealization. For example, see Coetzee and Pater's (2008) data on English t/d deletion, which shows word-specific effects even beyond those of usage frequency.…”

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A model of lexical variation and the grammar with application to Tagalog nasal substitution

Zuraw

2010

Nat Lang Linguist Theory

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This paper presents a case of patterned exceptionality. The case is Tagalog nasal substitution, a phenomenon in which a prefix-final nasal fuses with a steminitial obstruent. The rule is variable on a word-by-word basis, but its distribution is phonologically patterned, as shown through dictionary and corpus data. Speakers appear to have implicit knowledge of the patterning, as shown through experimental data and loan adaptation. A grammar is proposed that reconciles the primacy of lexical information with regularities in the distribution of the rule. Morphologically complex words are allowed to have their own lexical entries, whose use is preferred to on-the-fly morphological concatenation. The grammar contains lowerranked markedness constraints that govern the behavior of novel words. Faithfulness for lexicalized full words is ranked high, so that an established word will have a stable pronunciation. But when a word is newly coined through affixation, the outcome varies according the lexical trends. A crucial aspect of the proposal is that the ranking of the "subterranean" markedness constraints can be learned despite training data in which all words are pronounced faithfully, using Boersma's (1997Boersma's ( , 1998 Gradual learning algorithm. The paper also shows, by summarizing the rule's behavior in related languages, that the same constraints, in different rankings, seem to be at work even in languages reported to lack variation.

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