The pivotal application of patient-derived organoid biobanks for personalized treatment of gastrointestinal cancers

Abstract

Gastrointestinal cancers (GICs) occupy more than 30% of the cancer-related incidence and mortality around the world. Despite advances in the treatment strategies, the long-term overall survival has not been improved for patients with GICs. Recently, the novel patient-derived organoid (PDO) culture technology has become a powerful tool for GICs in a manner that recapitulates the morphology, pathology, genetic, phenotypic, and behavior traits of the original tumors. Excitingly, a number of evidences suggest that the versatile technology has great potential for personalized treatment, suppling the clinical application of molecularly guided personalized treatment. In the paper, we summarize the literature on the topics of establishing organoid biobanks of PDOs, and their application in the personalized treatment allowing for radiotherapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy selection for GICs. Despite the limitations of current organoid models, high-throughput drug screening of GIC PDO combined with next-generation sequencing technology represents a novel and pivotal preclinical model for precision medicine of tumors and has a great value in promoting the transformation from basic cancer research to clinical application.

Simultaneous inhibition of FAK and ROS1 synergistically repressed triple-negative breast cancer by upregulating p53 signalling

“…Long-term in vitro culture of cell lines leads to loss of original tumor characteristics and inaccurate replication of the tumor microenvironment [ 68 ]. Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models maintain tumor heterogeneity but face challenges such as low transplantation rates, large differences in human and mouse drug-use behavior, and a long process of drug screening [ 69 , 70 ]. The emergence of patient-derived tumor organoids (PDOs) addresses these challenges [ 71 ].…”

Tumour organoids and assembloids: Patient‐derived cancer avatars for immunotherapy

“…Because of their diversity and editability, PDTOs can be cryopreserved to form a biobank, 79 customized and scaled up, making them an ideal model for high‐throughput drug screening 80 . One study showed that a PDTO biobank established from metastatic gastrointestinal cancer patients could summarize the clinical response to regorafenib, palbociclib, taxane, cetuximab and TAS‐102 which can be applied in personalized medicine plans 81 .…”

Prediction for oxaliplatin‐induced liver injury using patient‐derived liver organoids

“…Recently, patient‐derived cancer organoids have been considered useful tools to answer clinical questions 12 . Results of drug sensitivity tests using patient‐derived organoids have been shown to have a significant correlation with the therapeutic outcomes of patients in some models, including L‐OHP, 13–15 suggesting that patient‐derived cancer organoids may be useful in predicting the therapeutic effectiveness of cancer drugs in individual patients.…”

“…Recently, patient‐derived cancer organoids have been considered useful tools to answer clinical questions. 12 Results of drug sensitivity tests using patient‐derived organoids have been shown to have a significant correlation with the therapeutic outcomes of patients in some models, including L‐OHP, 13 , 14 , 15 suggesting that patient‐derived cancer organoids may be useful in predicting the therapeutic effectiveness of cancer drugs in individual patients. Thus, if patient‐derived liver organoids could also be used to predict L‐OHP‐induced liver injury in treated patients, the risks and benefits of chemotherapy could be assessed before initiating treatment.…”