The Pituitary Gland of Normal and Stalk-Sectioned Monkeys With Particular Reference to the Pars Intermedia

Rl, Holmes

doi:10.1677/joe.0.0240053

Cited by 21 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…[1963a, b]. However, Holmes [1962] found that section of the hypophysial stalk in rhesus monkeys caused a significant increase in the volume of the pars intermedia.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There is also some evidence of a relationship between the pars intermedia and the hypo thalamus. Hypertrophy of the pars intermedia has been observed following stalk transection in rabbits [Brooks, 1938], rats [Barrnett and G reep, 1951], goats [Daniel and P richard, 1958;A dams et al, 1966], and in monkeys [Holmes, 1962], although it has also been reported not to occur in rabbits [Campbell and Harris, 1957]. The above observations were made on mature animals.…”

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confidence: 98%

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Pars Intermedia of the Hypophysis of Rats after Early-Postnatal Lesions of the Basal Hypothalamus: Quantitative and Qualitative Observations

Ooki¹,

Kotsu²,

Kinutani³

et al. 1973

Neuroendocrinology

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Lesions were made by electrical coagulation in the base of the hypothalamus of rats, 20 to 24 h after birth. Subsequent growth of the hypophysis was examined volumetrically and histologically on the 40th and 60th days after the operation, paying special attention to the pars intermedia. Growth retardation of the hypophysis was noticeable after 60 days in rats with lesions of the hypophysial stalk (groups 1 and 2) and the posterior portion of the median eminence (group 4), especially in animals in which the stalk was completely (group 1) or almost completely (group 2) transected. Notwithstanding the growth retardation of the hypophysis, the ratios of the volume of the pars anterior to that of the whole hypophysis in groups 1 and 2 were not significantly different from those in group 3 (animals with a lesion of the anterior portion of the median eminence), groups 4 and 5 (animals with a lesion in the hypothalamus elsewhere than the stalk and median eminence), and normal controls of the same age (group 6). In contrast to this, the ratio of the volume of the pars nervosa to the total gland in group 3, and more especially in groups 1 and 2, had considerably diminished, and that of the pars intermedia in groups 1 and 2 had markedly increased, after 60 days in comparison with those in groups 3, 4, 5, and 6. These results indicate that the pars intermedia of animals in groups 1 and 2 was hypertrophic compared with the pars anterior and pars nervosa. These volumetric data seem to correspond with the finding that neurosecretory material was not present in the pars nervosa in groups 1 and 2, but was abundant in groups 3, 4, 5, and 6. After 60 days, the pars intermedia of group 1 consisted chiefly of well-developed cells, as in normal adult rats. On electron microscopic examination, however, they were found to differ from normal mature cells in the following three points: (1) most of the secretory granules were vesicular with little or no opacity; (2) the endoplasmic reticulum frequently showed cisternae; (3) nerve terminals were not encountered at the surface of the glandular cells. The former two points suggest that these cells are functionally active, an observation that agrees with the results of volumetric findings. It is concluded from these data that, in the absence of hypothalamic control, the pars intermedia of the hypophysis in rats grows actively after birth, while the anterior hypophysis seems to be inactive and atrophic [unpublished].

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“…[1963a, b]. However, Holmes [1962] found that section of the hypophysial stalk in rhesus monkeys caused a significant increase in the volume of the pars intermedia.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 98%

Pars Intermedia of the Hypophysis of Rats after Early-Postnatal Lesions of the Basal Hypothalamus: Quantitative and Qualitative Observations

Ooki¹,

Kotsu²,

Kinutani³

et al. 1973

Neuroendocrinology

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“…In assessing the merits of this particular operation as a means of depressing pituitary function, it is important to know the extent to which the structure of the gland is altered and its functions impaired. There are few reports in the literature on the effects of stalk section on the human pituitary (Dandy and Goetsch, 1911;Russell, 1956; Daniel, Prichard, and Schurr, 1958;Le Beau and Foncin, 1960;Nicolaidis, 1962; Adams, Daniel, Prichard, and Schurr, 1963), although much information has now been obtained on the effects of the operation on several species of animal (Harris, 1950;Barrnett and Greep, 1951;Greep and Barrnett, 1951;Benoit and Assenmacher, 1953;Campbell and Harris, 1957;Daniel and Prichard, 1958;Holmes, 1961Holmes, , 1962 Laszlo, David, and Kovics, 1962; Adams, Daniel, and Prichard, 1963a, b, c; 1964a, b, c; 1966a, b; Jacobsohn, 1966). We have now had the opportunity of examining the glands of 21 human patients surviving for various periods of time after stalk section and in this paper we report our findings in these pituitary glands.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Transection of the pituitary stalk in man: anatomical changes in the pituitary glands of 21 patients

Adams¹,

Daniel²,

Prichard³

1966

Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry

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In recent years hypophysectomy (Luft and Olivecrona, 1953) and adrenalectomy (which is nearly always combined with ovariectomy) have been used as methods of treating cases of advanced cancer of the breast (Atkins, Falconer, Hayward, MacLean, and Schurr, 1966) and the results of comparative trials suggest that hypophysectomy is slightly the more effective of these two operations (Atkins, Falconer, Hayward, MacLean, Schurr, and Armitage, 1960). As an alternative to hypophysectomy neurosurgeons have sometimes used the operation of pituitary stalk section for relieving such cases and also for treating patients with cancer of the prostate (see Schurr, 1966). In addition pituitary stalk section has been used for patients with advancing diabetic retinopathy (Field, Schepens, Sweet, and Appels, 1962;Cullen, Harris, Munro, and Duncan, 1965;Fager, Rees, and Bradley, 1966). In assessing the merits of this particular operation as a means of depressing pituitary function, it is important to know the extent to which the structure of the gland is altered and its functions impaired. There are few reports in the literature on the effects of stalk section on the human pituitary (Dandy and Goetsch, 1911;Russell, 1956; Daniel, Prichard, and Schurr, 1958;Le Beau and Foncin, 1960;Nicolaidis, 1962; Adams, Daniel, Prichard, and Schurr, 1963), although much information has now been obtained on the effects of the operation on several species of animal (Harris, 1950;Barrnett and Greep, 1951;Greep and Barrnett, 1951;Benoit and Assenmacher, 1953;Campbell and Harris, 1957;Daniel and Prichard, 1958;Holmes, 1961Holmes, , 1962 Laszlo, David, and Kovics, 1962; Adams, Daniel, and Prichard, 1963a, b, c; 1964a, b, c; 1966a, b; Jacobsohn, 1966). We have now had the opportunity of examining the glands of 21 human patients surviving for various periods of time after stalk section and in this paper we report our findings in these pituitary glands. MATERIAL AND METHODSThe pituitary glands from 21 patients were available for study. In 20 cases the operation was undertaken for the relief of carcinoma of the breast or prostate but in one (case 4 in Table I) the indication was a rapidly advancing diabetic retinopathy. Fourteen of the patients were females and seven were males. The age range was from 36 to 67 years. The pituitary stalk was approached by way of a frontal craniotomy, and in some cases the pituitary stalk was clipped before it was transected at as low a level as was technically possible. In the majority of cases an inert and impermeable barrier or 'plate' (composed usually of dental acrylic resin or tantalum) was placed between the cut ends of the stalk to prevent the re-establishment of the hypothalamo-hypophysial portal circulation.The period of survival after stalk section ranged from 30 hours to 11 months (see Table I). The necropsies on the majority of the cases were undertaken by P.M.D.or J.H.A. but in a few cases the pituitary glands were sent to us, and in these less detailed information is available. At necropsy care was taken to e...

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“…Holmes, however, found that pars intermedia became thicker than normal in ferrets which survived 6 weeks to 5-months after operation; it appeared as a folded mass of cells surrounding a small core of neuro-hypophysial tissue. More recently, Holmes [1962] made measurements in the monkey, and reported that pars intermedia increased in size after stalk section.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Volumes of Pars Distalis, Pars Intermedia and Infundibular Process of the Pituitary Gland of the Rat, With Special Reference to the Effect of Stalk Section

Adams

Daniel²,

Prichard³

1963

Exp Physiol

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The pituitary stalk was transected in rats by a subtemporal approach, and a non-irritant plate was inserted between its cut ends. The pituitary glands were studied at intervals ranging from 24 hr. to 41 weeks later. The glands were sectioned serially and the volumes of the various lobes, and of the infarct or scar in pars distalis, were measured. A similar study was made of pituitaries of normal rats.The immediate effect of stalk section was a large infarct, which initially occupied from 29 to 78 per cent of pars distalis, but in most rats involved more than half of the lobe. After a few days the infarcted area began to shrink, eventually becoming a narrow sear. As the sear contracted pars distalis became greatly flattened from above down and the cells of the surviving parenchyma became small and undifferentiated. No substantial regeneration of parenchyma occurred, and pars distalis remained much smaller in volume than in normal rats of corresponding sex and body weight. The very small scar seen a few weeks after stalk section gave little idea of the size of the original infarct. After stalk section there was a rapid and marked atrophy of the infundibular process. There was no hypertrophy of pars intermedia.The distribution of the infarcted and surviving areas of pars distalis after stalk section is explained by the two different groups of portal vessels which supply these areas, namely, the long portal vessels from the stalk, which are transected at operation, and the short portal vessels from the infundibular process, in which the circulation remains unimpaired. Variations in size of the initial infaret may be due to anatomical variations in the extent of the territories supplied by the long and short portal vessels respectively.ALTHOUGH extensive necrosis of the anterior lobe (pars distalis) of the pituitary gland in rats has been seen after section of the pituitary stalk by a few workers [Westman et al., 1943;Barrnett and Greep, 1951;Greep and Barrnett, 1951], others have reported that only small scars can be found after this operation [Brolin, 1947;Harris, 1950;Campbell and Harris, 1957]. As it seemed likely that this discrepancy might be related to the times of survival after stalk section, we decided to study the pituitary glands of rats at varying times after stalk section, and to support the histological examination of these glands by measuring the actual size of the infarct produced by the operation. A preliminary note has been made of this work .

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The Pituitary Gland of Normal and Stalk-Sectioned Monkeys With Particular Reference to the Pars Intermedia

Cited by 21 publications

References 3 publications

Pars Intermedia of the Hypophysis of Rats after Early-Postnatal Lesions of the Basal Hypothalamus: Quantitative and Qualitative Observations

Pars Intermedia of the Hypophysis of Rats after Early-Postnatal Lesions of the Basal Hypothalamus: Quantitative and Qualitative Observations

Transection of the pituitary stalk in man: anatomical changes in the pituitary glands of 21 patients

The Volumes of Pars Distalis, Pars Intermedia and Infundibular Process of the Pituitary Gland of the Rat, With Special Reference to the Effect of Stalk Section

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