The pia mater at the site of the entry of blood vessels into the central nervous system

Krahn, V

doi:10.1007/bf00318509

Cited by 73 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Actually, its fine structure is built upon endothelial, pial, and glial cell layers, each of them delineated by distinct basement membranes [62-64]. The glial membrane (glia limitans) covering the brain parenchyma forms the outer wall of the VRS [65]. At the capillary bed, the basement membrane of the glia fuses with the outer vascular membrane thereby occluding the Virchow-Robin space [66,67].…”

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ultrastructural electron microscopic studies agree that pial membranes separate the VRS from the cortical subarachnoid space [65,68,70]. Since electron microscopy of human brain specimens shows that the VRS and the PVS are collapsed [68], it is a matter of debate whether these histologically-characterized compartments are actually open or just potential spaces.…”

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A new look at cerebrospinal fluid circulation

Brinker

Stopa

Morrison

et al. 2014

Fluids Barriers CNS

662

580

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According to the traditional understanding of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) physiology, the majority of CSF is produced by the choroid plexus, circulates through the ventricles, the cisterns, and the subarachnoid space to be absorbed into the blood by the arachnoid villi. This review surveys key developments leading to the traditional concept. Challenging this concept are novel insights utilizing molecular and cellular biology as well as neuroimaging, which indicate that CSF physiology may be much more complex than previously believed. The CSF circulation comprises not only a directed flow of CSF, but in addition a pulsatile to and fro movement throughout the entire brain with local fluid exchange between blood, interstitial fluid, and CSF. Astrocytes, aquaporins, and other membrane transporters are key elements in brain water and CSF homeostasis. A continuous bidirectional fluid exchange at the blood brain barrier produces flow rates, which exceed the choroidal CSF production rate by far. The CSF circulation around blood vessels penetrating from the subarachnoid space into the Virchow Robin spaces provides both a drainage pathway for the clearance of waste molecules from the brain and a site for the interaction of the systemic immune system with that of the brain. Important physiological functions, for example the regeneration of the brain during sleep, may depend on CSF circulation.

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Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

A new look at cerebrospinal fluid circulation

Brinker

Stopa

Morrison

et al. 2014

Fluids Barriers CNS

662

580

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…At the sites where brain vessels enter the pial vascular rete, the pial lining cells reflect onto the cells lining the outer surface of subarachnoid vessels. The vascular branches entering the brain parenchyma are surrounded by pial connective tissue, formerly called Virchow-Robin spaces (Krahn 1982;Krisch et al 1984).…”

Section: The Cerebrospinal Fluidmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brain cooling in humans ? anatomical considerations

1996

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Vascular arrangements allowing a bulky transfer of venous blood from the skin of the head and from nasal and paranasal mucous membranes to the dura matter provide an excellent anatomical basis for the convection process of cooling, caused by evaporation of sweat or mucus. The dura mater, with its extraordinarily high vascularization controlled by a potent vasomotor apparatus, may transmit temperature changes to the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) compartment. Temperature gradients of the CSF may in turn influence the temperature of brain parenchyma (1) directly, along the extensive contact area between the cerebrocortical surface and the CSF-compartment, or (2) indirectly, via brain arteries that extend over long distances and arborize within the subarachnoid space before entering the pial vascular network and brain parenchyma. Numerous subarachnoid and pial arterial branches exposed to the CSF have diameters in the range of the vessels of the retia mirabilia of animals in which selective brain cooling has been clearly established experimentally. It is also shown that the arrangements of venous plexuses within the vertebral canal provide anatomical preconditions for a cooling of the spinal cord via the CSF. The possibility of spinal cord and spinal ganglia cooling by temperature convection via venous blood--cooled in the venous networks of the skin of the back--flowing through numerous anastomoses to the external and internal vertebral plexuses and, finally, into the vascular bed of the spinal dura is discussed on the basis of anatomical facts.

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“…It starts at the myelencephalon and ascends sequentially through the metencephalon, mesencephalon, diencephalon, and finally the telencephalon (Klosovskii, 1963; Strong, 1964; Bär and Wolff, 1972; Gamble, 1975; Wollf et al, 1975). Important interrelationships between the meningeal tissue and the perforating vessels have been described in a variety of studies (Mall, 1904; Strong, 1964; Pape and Wigglesworth, 1979; Hauw et al, 1975; Nabeshina et al, 1975; Krahn, 1982; Krisch et al, 1982, 1983; Marín-Padilla, 1985, 1988). This paper describes an additional anatomical and functional concerning the entrance of pial capillaries into the nervous tissue and about the interrelationships between intracerebral microvascularization and the neuronal maturation of the cortex gray matter.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The human brain intracerebral microvascular system: development and structure

2012

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The capillary from the meningeal inner pial lamella play a crucial role in the development and structural organization of the cerebral cortex extrinsic and intrinsic microvascular compartments. Only pial capillaries are capable of perforating through the cortex external glial limiting membrane (EGLM) to enter into the nervous tissue, although incapable of perforating the membrane to exit the brain. Circulatory dynamics and functional demands determine which capillaries become arterial and which capillaries become venous. The perforation of the cortex EGLM by pial capillaries is a complex process characterized by three fundamental stages: (1) pial capillary contact with the EGLM with fusion of vascular and glial basal laminae at the contact site, (2) endothelial cell filopodium penetration through the fussed laminae with the formation of a funnel between them that accompanies it into the nervous tissue while remaining open to the meningeal interstitium and, (3) penetration of the whole capillary carrying the open funnel with it and establishing an extravascular Virchow-Robin Compartment (V-RC) that maintains the perforating vessel extrinsic (outside) the nervous tissue through its entire length. The V-RC is walled internally by the vascular basal lamina and externally by the basal lamina of joined glial cells endfeet. The VRC outer glial wall appear as an extension of the cortex superficial EGLM. All the perforating vessels within the V-RCs constitute the cerebral cortex extrinsic microvascular compartment. These perforating vessels are the only one capable of responding to inflammatory insults. The V-RC remains open (for life) to the meningeal interstitium permitting the exchanges of fluid and of cells between brain and meninges. The V-RC function as the brain sole drainage (prelymphatic) system in both physiological as well as pathological situations. During cortical development, capillaries emerge from the perforating vessels, by endothelial cells growing sprouts analogous to their angiogenesis, entering into their corresponding V-RCs. These new capillaries to enter into the nervous tissue must perforate through the V-RC outer glial wall, a process analogous to the original perforation of the cortex EGLM by pial capillaries. These emerging capillaries are incapable of reentering the V-RCs and/or perforating vessels. As the new capillary enters into the nervous tissue, it becomes surrounded by glial endfeet and carries a single basal lamina (possibly glial). Capillaries emerging from contiguous perforators establish an anastomotic plexus between them, by mechanisms still poorly understood. The capillaries of this anastomotic plexus constitute the cerebral cortex intrinsic microvascular compartment and together constitute the so-called blood-brain-barrier. The intrinsic capillaries are changing and readapting continuously, by both active angiogenesis and reabsorption, to the gray matter neurons developmental and functional needs. The brain intrinsic capillaries are among the most active microvessels of the human ...

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The pia mater at the site of the entry of blood vessels into the central nervous system

Cited by 73 publications

References 13 publications

A new look at cerebrospinal fluid circulation

A new look at cerebrospinal fluid circulation

Brain cooling in humans ? anatomical considerations

The human brain intracerebral microvascular system: development and structure

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