The Physiology of Ventilation

Murias, Tiberio Feliz; Blanch, Lluís; Lucangelo, Umberto

doi:10.4187/respcare.03377

Cited by 16 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 68 publications

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“…as in small airway disease) (Murias et al . ). This can vary with body size and other more subtle factors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…This component is often referred to as ‘anatomical’ or ‘airway’ dead space ( V Danat ) (Murias et al . ) and is typically 2.2 ml (kg body weight) −1 , but is not fixed; varying with posture, breath holding and lung volume (Fowler, ; Nunn et al . ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…V Dphys is the sum of two separate components of lung volume, the first is the nose, pharynx and conduction airways which do not contribute in gas exchange. This component is often referred to as 'anatomical' or 'air-way' dead space (V Danat ) (Murias et al 2014) and is typically 2.2 ml (kg body weight) −1 , but is not fixed; varying with posture, breath holding and lung volume (Fowler, 1950;Nunn et al 1959). Simplistically, V Danat is generally assumed to be relatively constant at about 150 ml for a 70 kg adult human.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…apex of the lung in upright individuals) or well perfused but poorly ventilated (e.g. as in small airway disease) (Murias et al 2014). This can vary with body size and other more subtle factors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The human ventilatory response to stress: rate or depth?

Tipton

Harper

Paton

et al. 2017

The Journal of Physiology

162

166

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Many stressors cause an increase in ventilation in humans. This is predominantly reported as an increase in minute ventilation (V̇E). But, the same V̇E can be achieved by a wide variety of changes in the depth (tidal volume, V ) and number of breaths (respiratory frequency, ƒ ). This review investigates the impact of stressors including: cold, heat, hypoxia, pain and panic on the contributions of ƒ and V to V̇E to see if they differ with different stressors. Where possible we also consider the potential mechanisms that underpin the responses identified, and propose mechanisms by which differences in ƒ and V are mediated. Our aim being to consider if there is an overall differential control of ƒ and V that applies in a wide range of conditions. We consider moderating factors, including exercise, sex, intensity and duration of stimuli. For the stressors reviewed, as the stress becomes extreme V̇E generally becomes increased more by ƒ than V . We also present some tentative evidence that the pattern of ƒ and V could provide some useful diagnostic information for a variety of clinical conditions. In The Physiological Society's year of 'Making Sense of Stress', this review has wide-ranging implications that are not limited to one discipline, but are integrative and relevant for physiology, psychophysiology, neuroscience and pathophysiology.

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“…as in small airway disease) (Murias et al . ). This can vary with body size and other more subtle factors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

The human ventilatory response to stress: rate or depth?

Tipton

Harper

Paton

et al. 2017

The Journal of Physiology

162

166

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In critical care, the most common approach to measuring V D /V T is volumetric capnography, which reports CO 2 elimination as a function of expired V T , and V D /V T is calculated using the Enghoff modification of Bohr's equation: V D /V T ϭ (P aCO 2 Ϫ P E CO 2 )/P aCO 2 , where P aCO 2 is the partial pressure of CO 2 in arterial blood and P E CO 2 is a measure or an estimate of mixed-expired partial pressure of CO 2 . [1][2][3][4][5][6] The Enghoff equation is influenced by large shunt fractions present in ARDS, and the result is a good global index of the efficiency of lung gas exchange. 2,3,5,7 Increased dead space is independently associated with an increased risk of death in subjects with ARDS.…”

Section: Dead Space In Ards: Die Hardmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dead Space in ARDS: Die Hard

2017

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Computational Modeling of a Low‐Cost Fluidic Oscillator for Use in an Educational Respiratory Simulator

Dillon

Ozturk

Mendez

et al. 2021

Advanced NanoBiomed Research

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Herein, the computational modeling of a fluidic oscillator for use in an educational respiratory simulator apparatus is presented. The design provides realistic visualization and tuning of respiratory biomechanics using a part that is (i) inexpensive, (ii) easily manufactured without the need for specialized equipment, (iii) simple to assemble and maintain, (iv) does not require any electronics, and (v) has no moving components that could be prone to failure. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model is used to assess flow characteristics of the system, and a prototype is developed and tested with a commercial benchtop respiratory simulator. The simulations show clinically relevant periodic oscillation with outlet pressures in the range of 8–20 cmH2O and end‐user‐tunable frequencies in the range of 3–6 s (respiratory rate [RR] of 10–20 breaths per minute). The fluidic oscillator presented here functions at physiologically relevant pressures and frequencies, demonstrating potential as a low cost, hands‐on, and pedagogical tool. The model will serve as a realistic model for educating Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) students on the relationship between flow, pressure, compliance, and volume in respiratory biomechanics while simultaneously exposing them to basic manufacturing techniques.

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The Physiology of Ventilation

Cited by 16 publications

References 68 publications

The human ventilatory response to stress: rate or depth?

The human ventilatory response to stress: rate or depth?

Dead Space in ARDS: Die Hard

Computational Modeling of a Low‐Cost Fluidic Oscillator for Use in an Educational Respiratory Simulator

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