The Physiology of Phenolic Compounds in Plants

McClure, Jerry W.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-3372-2_16

Cited by 39 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 96 publications

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“…Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, associated with both plastid and nonplastid fractions (14), reached a maximum in both herbicidetreated and control plants at 4 (Table I and Fig. 3B).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…14). In this laboratory, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity has been reported in etioplasts or chloroplasts isolated from barley shoots (16) and we have previously demonstrated that Sandoz 6706 treatment enhances light-increased phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity in whole barley shoots (6).…”

mentioning

confidence: 89%

“…Feierabend and Schubert (8) have clearly demonstrated that this herbicide effectively eliminates or reduces the activity of several plastid marker enzymes. We chose to investigate enzymes of general metabolism associated with other subcellular compartments, as well as enzymes of secondary phenolic biosynthesis whose subcellular distribution has not been conclusively established (14).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Developmental Effects of Sandoz 6706 on Activities of Enzymes of Phenolic and General Metabolism in Barley Shoots Grown in the Dark or under Low or High Intensity Light

Blume¹,

McClure²

1980

Plant Physiol.

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The activities of three enzymes of phenolic biosynthesis and six of general metaboUsm were studied at 24-hour intervals between the 3rd and 8th day after planting in barley shoots treated with the chlorosis-inducing herbicide Sandoz 6706 and grown in the dark or under high or low intensity Ught. The herbicide had no effect on fresh weight or soluble protein (per shoot) in plants grown in the dark or under low intensity light, but slightly decreased these parameters in plants grown for more than 5 days under high intensity light. In dark-grown seedlings the herbicide had no detectable effects on plastid ultrastructure or on the activity of malate dehydrogenase, cytochrome c oxidase, NADP-cytochrome c reductase, triose phosphate isomerase, peroxidase, catalase, shikimate dehydrogenase, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, or chalcone-flavanone isomerase. Under low intensity light, Sandoz 6706-treated plants developed plastids with single thylakoids extending across the organelie, and the activity of al enzymes examined was increased to varying degrees. When the herbicide-treated plants were grown under high intensity Ught, plastid lamelar organization was severely disrupted. Activities of shikimate dehydrogenase and chalcone-flavanone isomerase were markedly enhanced, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity sUghtly promoted, and catalase activity severely inhibited. The other enzymes were not appreciably affected by Sandoz 6706 under high intensity light. It is concluded that the changes in plastid ultrastructure and enzyme activities of the herbicide-treated plants are largely secondary photomorphogenetic or photooxidative responses in the carotenoid-free plants in which chlorophylls accumulate in reduced amounts (low intensity light) or are completely absent (high intensity light).

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“…Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, associated with both plastid and nonplastid fractions (14), reached a maximum in both herbicidetreated and control plants at 4 (Table I and Fig. 3B).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 96%

mentioning

confidence: 89%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Developmental Effects of Sandoz 6706 on Activities of Enzymes of Phenolic and General Metabolism in Barley Shoots Grown in the Dark or under Low or High Intensity Light

Blume¹,

McClure²

1980

Plant Physiol.

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“…Flavonoids appear to be restricted to the epidermis of pea leaves (1 1), and presumably of soybean leaves (7), where they may function as UV screens and as preformed defensive compounds (18). A number of isoflavonoids (isoflavone aglycones, isoflavone glucosides, pterocarpans, and coumestans) can be induced to accumulate in soybeans by host-pathogen interactions (10,12,14,20,21) herbicide Acifluorfen (15).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Acifluorfen-Induced Isoflavonoids and Enzymes of Their Biosynthesis in Mature Soybean Leaves

Cosio¹,

Weissenböck²,

McClure³

1985

Plant Physiol.

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Mature soybean (Glycine max L. cv Harosoy 63) leaves normally contain kaempferol-3-glycosides but they accumulate no other flavonoids. Whole leaves sprayed with the diphenyl ether herbicide Acifluorfen and maintained in the light developed small necrotic lesions and accumulated isoflavone aglycones, isoflavone glucosides, and pterocarpans. Isoflavonoid accumulation was preceded by induced activity for chalcone synthase (CHS) and by increased activity for phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and UDP-glucose:isoflavone 7-O-glucosyl transferase (IGT). PAL and CHS activity was highest between 24 and 30 hours after treatment, isoflavone aglycones and pterocarpans at 48 hours, IGT at 72 hours, and isoflavone glucosides at 96 hours.Mesophyll cells isolated from control leaves contained no activity for PAL, CHS, or IGT and no flavonoids of any class. Cells isolated from treated leaves at the stage of maximal enzyme activity or isoflavonoid content contained PAL (12% of the whole leaf activity), CHS (24%), IGT (20%), and 25% of the whole leaf isoflavone glucosides, but only traces, presumably as contaminants, of the other flavonoids. We suggest that the isoflavone glucosides were synthesized and accumulated in intact mesophyll cells as soluble detoxification products, while the isoflavone aglycones and pterocarpans accumulated in the epidermis or extracellularly within the mesophyll. To our knowledge this is the first report of tissue-specific induction of isoflavonoid glucosides and key enzymes of their biosynthesis in any plant.

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“…Estes pigmentos localizam-se nos vacúolos das células vegetais 2 , nos quais o pH varia entre 3,70-4,15 e 4,40-4,50 por exemplo, para o caso de pétalas de rosas, no pico de coloração e após três dias de colhidas, respectivamente, segundo foi relatado por Asen et al 3 . Várias classes de substâncias podem colaborar para a coloração das flores, frutos e folhas dos vegetais, destacando-se as porfirinas, carotenóides e flavonóides 4 .…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Aplicação de pigmentos de flores no ensino de química

Couto¹,

Ramos²,

Cavalheiro³

1998

Quím. Nova

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Recebido em 17/3/97; aceito em 8/10/97 APPLICATION OF FLOWER PIGMENTS IN CHEMICAL EDUCATION.In the present work, the pH dependent colour change of the crude flower extracts is suggested as subject in teaching chemical or acid-base equilibria, visual indicators and some aspects of spectrophotometric concepts and applications. The vegetal species used are commonly found in Brazil, and the extraction methodology proposed is inexpensive and easy to perform in secondary schools and in general chemistry or instrumental undergraduate courses. A bibliographic review about the use of vegetal extracts in chemical education and a discussion of the flower colour are also presented.Keywords: colour change of crude flower extract; acid-base equilibrium; spectrophotometry. EDUCAÇÃO INTRODUÇÃOAs espécies vegetais, uma vez que não podem se locomover, utilizam-se de artifícios para atrair animais para efetuarem funções tais como a polinização.As flores são utilizadas com esta finalidade, nos vegetais superiores. Por definição botânica as flores são elementos de reprodução de plantas fanerógamas; conjunto de cálice e corola, mais ou menos vistoso, com forma, organização, coloração e demais caracteres extremamente variáveis 1 . A forma, o aroma, o sabor e a coloração de substâncias presentes nas flores são utilizadas para chamar a atenção de mamíferos, insetos e aves.Esta coloração é causada pela presença de pigmentos que absorvem radiação luminosa na região do ultra-violeta e do visível. Estes pigmentos localizam-se nos vacúolos das células vegetais 2 , nos quais o pH varia entre 3,70-4,15 e 4,40-4,50 por exemplo, para o caso de pétalas de rosas, no pico de coloração e após três dias de colhidas, respectivamente, segundo foi relatado por Asen et al 3 . Várias classes de substâncias podem colaborar para a coloração das flores, frutos e folhas dos vegetais, destacando-se as porfirinas, carotenóides e flavonóides 4 . Exemplos destes corantes, bem como seu grupo característico são apresentados na tabela 1.Nas flores os principais agentes cromóforos são os flavonóides. Estes compostos são subdivididos em grupos de substâncias, cada qual apresentando colorações características. Segundo Brouillard 5 , as antocianinas são responsáveis pela coloração rosa, laranja, vermelha, violeta e azul da maioria das flores. Os flavonóis (chalconas e auronas), produzem coloração amarela. Esta mesma cor pode, também, ser produzida por carotenóides.Outros glicosídeos de chalconas, auronas, flavonas e flavonóis podem, também, se apresentar incolores com absorções no ultra-violeta, porém podendo ser vistos por insetos, como as abelhas 5 e possivelmente por pássaros, como os beija-flores.

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The Physiology of Phenolic Compounds in Plants

Cited by 39 publications

References 96 publications

Developmental Effects of Sandoz 6706 on Activities of Enzymes of Phenolic and General Metabolism in Barley Shoots Grown in the Dark or under Low or High Intensity Light

Developmental Effects of Sandoz 6706 on Activities of Enzymes of Phenolic and General Metabolism in Barley Shoots Grown in the Dark or under Low or High Intensity Light

Acifluorfen-Induced Isoflavonoids and Enzymes of Their Biosynthesis in Mature Soybean Leaves

Aplicação de pigmentos de flores no ensino de química

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