The physiology of motivation.

Stellar, Eliot

doi:10.1037/h0060347

Cited by 546 publications

(75 citation statements)

References 41 publications

(35 reference statements)

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“…The VMN historically was viewed as a 'satiety' center in the dual-center model of feeding because electrical stimulation of the VMN reduced feeding, and lesions resulted in hyperphagia and obesity (Stellar, 1954). Although this simplistic view of the VMN fell into disfavor (Teitelbaum, 1957;Peters et al, 1978), the VMN has been rediscovered as a receptive site for short-and long-term energy feedback signals and forms an integrated component of energy balance neurocircuitry (Zaborszky and Makara, 1979;Luiten and Room, 1980;Ter Horst and Luiten, 1987).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Delayed Satiety-Like Actions and Altered Feeding Microstructure by a Selective Type 2 Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Agonist in Rats: Intra-Hypothalamic Urocortin 3 Administration Reduces Food Intake by Prolonging the Post-Meal Interval

Fekete

Inoue

Zhao

et al. 2006

Neuropsychopharmacol

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Brain corticotropin-releasing factor/urocortin (CRF/Ucn) systems are hypothesized to control feeding, with central administration of 'type 2' urocortins producing delayed anorexia. The present study sought to identify the receptor subtype, brain site, and behavioral mode of action through which Ucn 3 reduces nocturnal food intake in rats. Non-food-deprived male Wistar rats (n ¼ 176) were administered Ucn 3 into the lateral (LV) or fourth ventricle, or into the ventromedial or paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus (VMN, PVN) or the medial amygdala (MeA), regions in which Ucn 3 is expressed in proximity to CRF 2 receptors. LV Ucn 3 suppressed ingestion during the third-fourth post-injection hours. LV Ucn 3 anorexia was reversed by cotreatment with astressin 2 -B, a selective CRF 2 antagonist and not observed following equimole subcutaneous or fourth ventricle administration. Bilateral intra-VMN and intra-PVN infusion, more potently than LV infusion, reduced the quantity (57-73%) and duration of ingestion (32-68%) during the third-fourth post-infusion hours. LV, intra-PVN and intra-VMN infusion of Ucn 3 slowed the eating rate and reduced intake by prolonging the post-meal interval. Intra-VMN Ucn 3 reduced feeding bout size, and intra-PVN Ucn 3 reduced the regularity of eating from pellet to pellet. Ucn 3 effects were behaviorally specific, because minimal effective anorectic Ucn 3 doses did not alter drinking rate or promote a conditioned taste aversion, and site-specific, because intra-MeA Ucn 3 produced a nibbling pattern of more, but smaller meals without altering total intake. The results implicate the VMN and PVN of the hypothalamus as sites for Ucn 3-CRF 2 control of food intake.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Delayed Satiety-Like Actions and Altered Feeding Microstructure by a Selective Type 2 Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Agonist in Rats: Intra-Hypothalamic Urocortin 3 Administration Reduces Food Intake by Prolonging the Post-Meal Interval

Fekete

Inoue

Zhao

et al. 2006

Neuropsychopharmacol

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“…Neural mechanisms are central to the regulation of these motivationally mediated behaviors ; thus, the increasing concern surrounding the dramatic rise of obesity (Mokdad et al, 1999; has led to research aimed at understanding the neural substrates of appetitive function in humans Wang et al, 2004). The role of the hypothalamus in food motivation is well established in literature on non-human primates (Rolls et al, 1976) as well as humans (Rolls, 1981;Stellar, 1954). More recently, however, limbic-frontal connectivity has become increasingly implicated in normal food motivation (Zald et al, 1998), as well as abnormal food intake and obesity .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neural mechanisms underlying food motivation in children and adolescents

et al. 2005

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Dramatic increases in childhood obesity necessitate a more complete understanding of neural mechanisms of hunger and satiation in pediatric populations. In this study, normal weight children and adolescents underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanning before and after eating a meal. Participants showed increased activation to visual food stimuli in the amygdala, medial frontal/orbitofrontal cortex, and insula in the pre-meal condition; no regions of interest responded in the post-meal condition. These results closely parallel previous findings in adults. In addition, we found evidence for habituation to food stimuli in the amygdala within the pre-meal session. These findings provide evidence that normal patterns of neural activity related to food motivation begin in childhood. Results have implications for obese children and adults, who may have abnormal hunger and satiation mechanisms.

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“…These differenees may be considered in the 1ight of other evidence re1ating tonie activity to specifie motivationa1 funetions. Ste11ar (1954) has proposed that particu1ar…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Whi1e Ste11ar (1954) regarded the activity of specifie 10ca1ised hypotha1amic centres as the neural basis of specifie motivationa1 tendencies, Hebb re1egated such functions to the cortex. The hypotha1amic mechanisms which Ste11ar considered to be the we11springs of motivation were demoted to the ro1e of motor centres contro11ing the execution of such activities as eating and drinking, but were not considered to be responsib1e for the arousa1, maintenance or termination of such behaviours.…”

Section: General and Specifie Motivationa1 Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been noted above that dramatic a1terations in mood, hunger, thirst, sexua1 behaviour, sleep-wakefu1ness cycles, and other natura1 behaviour patterns may be produced by stimu1ating or destroying specifie brain sites (see reviews by Ste11ar (1954) and Grossman, 1967). A1though the precise mechanisms mediating such effects are obscure, these techniques 1end themse1ves to interpretation in terms of diffuse activation (or de-activation) of ce11 popu1ations--that is, i.n terms of tonie neural activity .…”

Section: Physio10gica1 Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The role of tonic neural activity in motivational processes

Bambridge

Gijsbers

1977

Experimental Neurology

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Ph.D. Psycho10gyRichard Bambridge THE ROLE OF TONIC NEURAL ACTIVITY IN MOTIVATIONAL PROCESSESThe mu1ti-unit recording technique was used to study the activity of neuron populations in various brain locations in cats during long, natura1 behaviour sequences in a free behavioura1 situation. E1ectroen-cepha10graphic (EEG) records were a1so obtained from each recording site. The total mu1ti-unit activity 1eve1s in many of these areas, inc1uding parts of the cortex, thalamus and rcticu1ar formation, tended to co-vary, and these variations in tonic activity were associated with .. ' the observed behavioura1 arousa1 1eve1 of the cat.Variations in tonic activity in ether areas (lateral genicu1ate nucleus and inferior co11icu1us) were shown to be more re1iab1y corre1ated with specifie sensory input than with arousa1 1eve1s. Behavioura1 arousa1 1eve1s appear to be more c10se1y re1ated to tonic neural activity in many areas of the brain than to the EEG record.The neural bases of specific-center and drive arousa1 theories of motivation are examined in the 1ight of these data.

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The physiology of motivation.

Cited by 546 publications

References 41 publications

Delayed Satiety-Like Actions and Altered Feeding Microstructure by a Selective Type 2 Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Agonist in Rats: Intra-Hypothalamic Urocortin 3 Administration Reduces Food Intake by Prolonging the Post-Meal Interval

Delayed Satiety-Like Actions and Altered Feeding Microstructure by a Selective Type 2 Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Agonist in Rats: Intra-Hypothalamic Urocortin 3 Administration Reduces Food Intake by Prolonging the Post-Meal Interval

Neural mechanisms underlying food motivation in children and adolescents

The role of tonic neural activity in motivational processes

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