The physiology of motivation.

Stellar, Eliot

doi:10.1037/0033-295x.101.2.301

Cited by 130 publications

(137 citation statements)

References 36 publications

(58 reference statements)

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“…The lateral region of the dorsal tuberal hypothalamus promotes drug seeking, whereas the medial region of the dorsal tuberal hypothalamus inhibits drug seeking. This proposal is reminiscent of the dual-center theory of feeding [4]. Interestingly a similar dissociation of functions has been demonstrated in the context of aggressive behaviours.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 78%

“…They demonstrated that lesions of the lateral hypothalamus (LH) abolished feeding whereas lesions of the medial hypothalamus caused animals to eat excessively. This functional dichotomy led to the influential 'dual-center' theory of hypothalamic control of motivated behaviour [4]. The central thesis was that the overall influence of the hypothalamus on motivated behaviour was the result of competition between excitatory influences of lateral nuclei and inhibitory influences of the medial nuclei.…”

Section: Early Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Early studies employing intracranial self-stimulation showed that rats would readily learn to press a lever to obtain brief focal electrical stimulation of hypothalamus [3]. Similarly, lesion studies showed that destruction of hypothalamic tissue caused profound changes in appetitive (e.g., feeding, drinking, sex) motivational states (e.g., [4]). However, concerns with the specificity of the techniques used in these early studies combined with the discovery of the catecholamines and development of pharmacologic tools to target them shifted attention away from the hypothalamus and towards the role of dopamine and the striatum.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The hypothalamus and the neurobiology of drug seeking

Marchant

Millan

McNally

2011

Cell. Mol. Life Sci.

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The hypothalamus is a neural structure critical for expression of motivated behaviours that ensure survival of the individual and the species. It is a heterogeneous structure, generally recognised to have four distinct regions in the rostrocaudal axis (preoptic, supraoptic, tuberal and mammillary). The tuberal hypothalamus in particular has been implicated in the neural control of appetitive motivation, including feeding and drug seeking. Here we review the role of the tuberal hypothalamus in appetitive motivation. First, we review evidence that different regions of the hypothalamus exert opposing control over feeding. We then review evidence that a similar bi-directional regulation characterises hypothalamic contributions to drug seeking and reward seeking. Lateral regions of the dorsal tuberal hypothalamus are important for promoting reinstatement of drug seeking, whereas medial regions of the dorsal tuberal hypothalamus are important for inhibiting this drug seeking after extinction training. Finally, we review evidence that these different roles for medial versus lateral dorsal tuberal hypothalamus in promoting or preventing reinstatement of drug seeking are mediated, at least in part, by different populations of hypothalamic neurons as well as the neural circuits in which they are located.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 78%

Section: Early Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The hypothalamus and the neurobiology of drug seeking

Marchant

Millan

McNally

2011

Cell. Mol. Life Sci.

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“…Research studies on fish feeding usually use chemicals to investigate different parts of the hypothalamus, observe and analyze conditions of food intake [13], use touch and olfaction to study animal feeding behavior, or use the function of some compounds to pursue further studies [14]. These studies have not radically elucidated the molecular mechanisms of fish feeding, nerve function, and endocrine function.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular cloning of the obese gene from Cyprinus carpio and its expression in Escherichia coli

2006

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Aiming to analyze the characteristics of the Cyprinus carpio obese gene structure and the biological activity of its expression product, we amplified the carp obese gene using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction from carp mesentery adipose tissue RNA. Sequence analysis revealed that it has a length of 438 nt, which encodes a 146-amino acid peptide. When nucleotide sequence and deduced amino acid sequence were compared with homologous sequences from those of humans, pigs, and rats, they displayed a fairly high degree of conservation (the homology of the nucleotide sequence was 84%, 86%, and 95%, respectively, while that of the amino acid sequence was 84%, 82%, and 96%, respectively, for humans, pigs, and rats). The cDNA fragment was inserted into the expression vector pET-28a, and the resulting plasmid was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) by isopropylthiogalactoside induction. Results of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis indicated that a fusion protein was specifically expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3). The weight of the fusion protein was about 20 kDa, and a 16-kDa protein was expressed from the carp obese gene. By gel thin-layer scanning analysis, the amount of target protein was determined to be about 20%. The purified product was found to be biologically active and to reduce the food intake and body weight of mice during tests.

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“…The concept which arose from those observations of the LHA as a "feeding center" [Stellar, 1954] can now also be discussed in neurochemical terms, after the recent identification of two feeding-stimulatory neuropeptides expressed in LHA cell populations, i.e., melanin-concentrating hormone [MCH; Kawauchi et al, 1983;Qu et al, 1996;Rossi et al, 1997;Shimada et al, 1998] and orexins/hypocretins [deLecea et al, 1998;Sakurai et al, 1998]. Neurons expressing MCH and orexin/hypocretin form two distinct populations [Broberger et al, 1998b;Elias et al, 1998b].…”

Section: The Lateral Hypothalamic Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) and food intake: Behavior in search of anatomy

Broberger

2000

Drug Dev. Res.

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The physiology of motivation.

Cited by 130 publications

References 36 publications

The hypothalamus and the neurobiology of drug seeking

The hypothalamus and the neurobiology of drug seeking

Molecular cloning of the obese gene from Cyprinus carpio and its expression in Escherichia coli

Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) and food intake: Behavior in search of anatomy

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