The Physiology of Adipose Tissue

Wertheimer, Ernst; Shapiro, B.

doi:10.1152/physrev.1948.28.4.451

Cited by 300 publications

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“…Indeed, on actual test, it was shown that the volume of the inguinal fat, when measured separately, shrank on nerve stimulation ( fig. 2), thus providing further evidence for the existence of vasomotor fibres in adipose tissue [see Wertheimer and Shapiro, 1948]. However, in four experiments, in which the mammary gland was completely separated from all fat and lymph tissue, it too showed positive responses to nerve stimulation ( fig.…”

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confidence: 84%

Vasomotor Nerve Fibres to the Mammary Glands of the Cat and Dog

Linzell

1950

Exp Physiol

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IT has not been clearly established that there are vasomotor fibres to the mammary gland, for there has been no direct study of this subject.Earlier work which suggested the presence of such nerves to the mamma has been reviewed by Basch [1903]. More recently, Cannon and Bright [1931], Bacq [1932] and Clark [1933] found that a small proportion of animals showed lactational deficiencies as a belated result of partial or complete sympathectomy in the dog, cat and rat, and biochemical studies in the cow have shown that great and sudden changes in the permeability of the mammary blood-vessels, and temporary cessation of milk secretion, can occur in response to fear and pain [Graham, Kay and McIntosh, 1936;Shaw and Petersen, 1939]. St. Clair [1942] noted that cutting the inguinal nerve or removal of the lumbar sympathetic chain caused an increase in the temperature of the udder in the cow, and, since this work was started, Peeters, Coussens and Sierens [1949] have briefly reported that electrical stimulation of the same nerve decreased the venous outflow of the isolated cow's udder perfused at constant pressure.METHODS. Animals.-Cats were used as the main experimental animal after trial experiments had shown that the mammary glands of the rabbit, rat and guinea-pig were too small for the apparatus available. The pregnant animals, selected by abdominal palpation from all the female cats received at the laboratory at all times of the year, were maintained on an adequate diet and used for experiments at various stages (2-73 days) after parturition. A smaller number of cats, for which the date of parturition was unknown and which were still lactating or had just weaned their kittens, were also used. A few dogs, whose mammary glands were commencing to involute after the normal lactation period, and one pseudo-pregnant lactating bitch, were also tested.Ancesthesia.-To avoid undue excitement, the animals were aneesthetised before being separated from their kittens. The anmesthetic, which 295

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confidence: 84%

Vasomotor Nerve Fibres to the Mammary Glands of the Cat and Dog

Linzell

1950

Exp Physiol

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“…A role of the sympathetic nervous system in the metabolism of adipose tissue has been suggested by clinical observations and by animal denervation experiments (1). The recent observations of the mobilization of free fatty acids' (FFA) by norepinephrine (NE) in vitro (2) and in vivo (3,4) add presumptive evidence for a function of the sympathetic nervous system in the transport of fatty acids.…”

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confidence: 99%

Free Fatty Acid Mobilization by Neuroadrenergic Stimulation in Man*

Hamlin¹,

Hickler²,

Hoskins³

1960

J. Clin. Invest.

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A role of the sympathetic nervous system in the metabolism of adipose tissue has been suggested by clinical observations and by animal denervation experiments (1). The recent observations of the mobilization of free fatty acids' (FFA) by norepinephrine (NE) in vitro (2) and in vivo (3, 4) add presumptive evidence for a function of the sympathetic nervous system in the transport of fatty acids. To elucidate further the role of the sympathetic nervous system in fatty acid transport, the effect of a standard physiological stress on plasma FFA concentration was studied.Previous work has shown that the normal individual defends against the orthostatic stress of a 60°upright tilt by an increase in diastolic blood pressure and pulse rate. This response is probably mediated by the autonomic nervous system through baroceptor reflexes and is accompanied by a rise in plasma NE concentration (5). These responses reflect an increase in neuroadrenergic activity; and, as a corollary, are absent in individuals after sympathectomy and in patients with primary autonomic insufficiency.It is the purpose of this report to present the effects of neuroadrenergic stimulation produced by orthostatic stress on plasma FFA concentration. METHODSThe response of plasma FFA and NE to tilting was studied in 6 normal subjects, in 1 patient with bilateral adrenalectomy, and in 1 patient with primary autonomic t Public Health Service Postdoctoral Fellow, National Heart Institute, Bethesda, Md.1 The term "free fatty acids" is used here in place of the terms "nonesterified fatty acids" and "unesterified fatty acids" previously used to describe this lipid fraction.insufficiency. All studies were carried out with fasting subjects in the supine position on a tilt table. An indwelling needle was secured in an antecubital vein and was kept patent for the collection of blood specimens by a slow infusion of sterile isotonic saline. Pulse rate and blood pressure were recorded until a steady state was achieved. The subject was then tilted 600 upright for 30 minutes. Pulse and blood pressure were recorded at regular intervals throughout the experiment. Blood specimens for plasma FFA and NE were drawn 10 minutes before and immediately prior to tilting to 600 upright and at 2.5, 5, 10, 20 and 30 minutes in the upright position. The subject was then returned to the supine position and another blood specimen was drawn 10 minutes later.The effect of an adrenolytic agent, phentolamine methanesulfonate,2 on the plasma FFA response to tilting was studied in 3 normal individuals. Each subj ect served as his own control. The FFA and NE responses were determined during a 30 minute control tilt after which 5 mg of phentolamine was administered intravenously and the subj ect was tilted a second time. One subj ect was studied again 1 month later with a dose of 10 mg of phentolamine.The effect of 2 successive tilts was studied in 3 normal subjects without administering phentolamine prior to the second tilt.All blood specimens were collected in tubes with phenol-free hepari...

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“…Such storage is also at very little energy cost (Baldwin 1947) and pending such storage glucose may be built up to considerable levels in the body fluids without ill effect. Even adipose tissue, under the influence of a sudden large glucose intake or of hyperinsulinis m, may store appreciable quantities of glycogen that is later utilized for lipogenesis (Wertheimer and Shapiro 1948). On the other hand, since acetic acid is nonglycogenic and thus cannot be temporarily stored as glycogen, and since it is not stored in the blood, it must, unlike glucose, always be rapidly partitioned between oxidation and lipogenesis.…”

Section: Discussion Of Sda Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Specific Dynamic Action of Acetic Acid and Heat Increment of Feeding in Ruminants

McClymont¹

1952

Aust. Jnl. Of Bio. Sci.

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SummaryAttention is drawn to the lack of adequate explanation of the phenomena of the high specific dynamic action of acetic acid and the high heat increment of feeding in ruminants.The theory is advanced that the high specific dynamic action of acetic acid is related to the following facts: it is non-glyconeogenic; it is not utilized in protein synthesis; it is oxidized by most, if not all, tissues; and it is utilized significantly for lipogenesis by only a few tissues, excluding in particular muscle and kidney. Furthermore, the metabolism of the acid appears to be relatively "uncontrolled," the uptake by tissues being directly dependent on the arterial level and unaffected by insulin, at least in ruminants, in contrast to glucose.Finally, there is very little storage of absorbed acetic acid in the body Huids. Consequently, it is metabolized almost as fast as it is absorbed: in some tissues, notably intestinal wall, liver, and adipose tissue and lung, it is partitioned .between oxidation and lipogenesis; in others, particularly muscle and kidney, it is of necessity largely utilized oxidatively. The high specific dynamic action of acetic acid indicates that the net partition is in favour of oxidation.The high heat increment of feeding in ruminants is considered as due to the quantitative importance of acetic acid and butyric acid, which also has a high specific dynamic action, as products of ruminal digestion, and of acetic acid and fl-hydroxybutyric acid, derived from acetic and butyric acids, as peripheral metabolites.

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The Physiology of Adipose Tissue

Cited by 300 publications

References 0 publications

Vasomotor Nerve Fibres to the Mammary Glands of the Cat and Dog

Vasomotor Nerve Fibres to the Mammary Glands of the Cat and Dog

Free Fatty Acid Mobilization by Neuroadrenergic Stimulation in Man*

Specific Dynamic Action of Acetic Acid and Heat Increment of Feeding in Ruminants

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