The physiological basis of the minimally distinct border demonstrated in the ganglion cells of the macaque retina.

Kaiser, Peter K.; Lee, B B; Martin, Paul R.; Valberg, Arne

doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1990.sp017978

Cited by 90 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…We have shown that cells of the MC-pathway display properties consistent with their being the substrate of the MDB task (Kaiser, Lee, Martin & Valberg, 1990). On adjusting the luminance contrast across a border between two different colours, activity in the MC-pathway goes through a minimum when the colours are at equal luminance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…End-tidal PIto was kept near 4 % by adjusting the rate and depth of ventilation, and body temperature was maintained near 37-5 'C. Further details of the experimental procedulre are giveen in Kaiser et al (1990) and details of recording technique and cell classification are to be founid in Lee, Martin & Valberg (1989b). WTe recorded from ganglion cells from parafoveal retina.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Responses of macaque ganglion cells to movement of chromatic borders.

Valberg

Lee

Kaiser

et al. 1992

The Journal of Physiology

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SUTMMARY1. We have measured responses of macaque ganglion cells to moving borders under conditions designed to simulate the minimally distinct border (MDB) task.2. Extending previous results, we show that minimization of responses of phasic ganglion cells of the magnocellular (MC)-pathway obey the photometric laws of transitivity and additivity.3. To equal luminance borders, a residual response was present in MC-pathway cells analogous to the second harmonic response seen in these neurones with temporal chromatic modulation. It was proportional to the tritanopic purity difference (IAPtl, the rectified middle-to long-wavelength cone opponent signal) between the two colours on either side of the border. For a APt of one, the mean residual response was equivalent to the response evoked by achromatic borders of about 14 % luminance contrast. Both these properties of the MC-pathway closely resemble psychophysical estimates as to the distinctness of equal luminance borders.4. We show how MC-pathway cell responses could be used centrally to support the MIDB task. It was difficult to generate a model from responses of tonic ganglion cells of the parvocellular (PC)-pathway which would support the task. 5. The MDB task is still possible psychophysically after blurring the retinal image. Although blurring the border spatially smeared the responses of MC-pathway ganglion cells and reduced their amplitude, responses still went through a minimum close to equal luminance. Thus, blurring the image did not affect the ability of MCpathway cells to support the task. Blurring the retinal image decreased the ' sharpness' of the border response of tonic, PC-pathway ganglion cells, but response amplitude was unaffected. Response features indicative of centre-surround organization were attenuated. A central mechanism reliant on centre-surround field structure of PC-pathway cells would thus not be able to support the task after blurring.6. Taken together, these results strongly suggest that the MC-pathway forms the

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Responses of macaque ganglion cells to movement of chromatic borders.

Valberg

Lee

Kaiser

et al. 1992

The Journal of Physiology

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“…The change in photometric sensitivity is specific to methods that employ temporal modulation. Though MC-pathway mediation has been inferred for both flicker photometric 14 and minimally distinct border 15 (MDB) photometric matches, MDB matches between middle and long wavelength lights do not show the sizable reduction in long wavelength sensitivity with increasing light level seen with flicker photometric matches. 16 Recordings from parvocellular pathway cells revealed no systematic response patterns consistent with human psychophysical data and are not reported here.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal sensitivity of macaque ganglion cells to lights of different chromaticity

Pokorny¹,

Smith²,

Lee³

et al. 2000

Color Res. Appl.

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Three psychophysical paradigms have shown that moderately high retinal illuminance (ca. 1000 td) longwavelength chromatic adaptation results in a disproportionate reduction in visual sensitivity to rapidly modulated lights. (i) Critical-flicker-fusion -log retinal illuminance (CFF-log I) functions are shallower for long-wavelength than middle-wavelength modulated lights. (ii) A long-wavelength light modulated just above CFF appears as flickering if a steady middle-wavelength pedestal is added. (iii) The R/G ratio for heterochromatic modulation photometric (HMP) equality increases with light level when the mean chromaticity is Ϸ605 nm, but not when it is Ϸ570 nm. The goal was to evaluate whether Magnocellular-(MC-) pathway retinal ganglion cells show reduced modulation sensitivity with long-wavelength adaptation, as is observed with these three psychophysical paradigms. In Experiment (1), CFFs for 554 and 638 nm lights were estimated by noting the temporal frequencies at which the cells firing fell below 10 imp/s. CFF was measured for light levels between 1-1000 td. Seventeen of 17 units showed a higher CFF at 1000 td for 554 nm, consistent with psychophysical observation. In Experiment (2), a steady 1000 td 554 nm pedestal was added to a 1000 td 638 nm modulated light. Four of 6 units showed higher 638 nm CFF when the steady 554 nm pedestal was present. In Experiment (3), Heterochromatic Modulation Photometry responsivities were obtained at 200 and 2000 td as a function of the relative modulation of 554 and 638 nm counterphase lights. Chromaticity was metameric to either 605 or 570 nm. Fifteen of 17 units showed substantial changes in log (R/G) with luminance for the 605 nm, but not for the 570 nm adaptation condition. Thus, temporal phenomena observed psychophysically may be seen in MC-pathway cells. The results are interpretable as arising from interactions between signals originating from the L-and M-cone receptor types, not from differences in temporal properties of the two-cone types.

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“…Although M-cells are generally thought to possess broad-band spectral sensitivity, there are two ways by which they convey information about chromatic contrast. First, individual M-cells signal the presence of chromatic contrast in isoluminant patterns without regard for chromatic contrast polarity (Schiller and Colby, 1983;Lee et al, 1988Lee et al, , 1989aKaiser et al, 1990;Logothetis et al, 1990;Valberg et al, 1992;Dacey, 1996). Second, because isoluminant points vary across the population of M-cells, some cells will transmit a signal for any heterochromatic luminance ratio selected (Logothetis et al, 1990).…”

Section: Abstract: Luminance; Chrominance; Magnocellular; Parvocellumentioning

confidence: 99%

The Contribution of Color to Motion Processing in Macaque Middle Temporal Area

1999

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The chromatic properties of an image yield strong cues for object boundaries and thus hold the potential to facilitate the detection of object motion. The extent to which cortical motion detectors exploit chromatic information, however, remains a matter of debate. To address this further, we quantified the strength of chromatic input to directionally selective neurons in the middle temporal area (MT) of macaque cerebral cortex using an equivalent luminance contrast (EqLC) paradigm. This paradigm, in which two sinusoidal gratings, one heterochromatic and the other achromatic, are superimposed and moved in opposite directions, allows the sensitivity of motion detectors to heterochromatic stimuli to be quantified and expressed relative to the benchmark of sensitivity for a luminance-defined stimulus.The results of these experiments demonstrate that the chromatic contrast in a moving red-green heterochromatic grating strongly influences directional responses in MT when the luminance contrast in that same grating is relatively low; for such stimuli, EqLC is at least 5%. When luminance contrast is added to the heterochromatic grating, however, EqLC wanes sharply and becomes negative (Ϫ4%) when luminance contrast is sufficiently high (Ͼ17-23%). Thus, the chromatic properties of an object appear to confer little or no benefit to motion processing by MT neurons when sufficient luminance contrast concurrently exists. These data support a simple model in which chromatic motion processing in MT is almost exclusively determined by magnocellular input. Additionally, a comparison of neuronal and psychophysical data suggests that MT may not be the sole contributor to the perceptual experience elicited by motion of heterochromatic patterns, or that only a subset of MT neurons serve this function. Key words: luminance; chrominance; magnocellular; parvocellular; contrast; extrastriateThe extent to which the primate motion system uses information about the chromatic properties of an image is an issue of longstanding debate. Early experiments suggested a channeling of image information through several stages of the visual hierarchy, such that color is encoded predominantly within parvocellular and ventral cortical visual areas, whereas motion is processed primarily by neurons of the magnocellular and dorsal cortical stream (for review, see Merigan and Maunsell, 1993;Dobkins and Albright, 1998). More recent anatomical, physiological, and psychophysical evidence, however, indicates that this f unctional dichotomy is less complete (Schiller and Malpelli, 1978; Cavanagh et al

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The physiological basis of the minimally distinct border demonstrated in the ganglion cells of the macaque retina.

Cited by 90 publications

References 47 publications

Responses of macaque ganglion cells to movement of chromatic borders.

Responses of macaque ganglion cells to movement of chromatic borders.

Temporal sensitivity of macaque ganglion cells to lights of different chromaticity

The Contribution of Color to Motion Processing in Macaque Middle Temporal Area

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