2015
DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/60/8/r155
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The physics of proton therapy

Abstract: The physics of proton therapy has advanced considerably since it was proposed in 1946. Today analytical equations and numerical simulation methods are available to predict and characterize many aspects of proton therapy. This article reviews the basic aspects of the physics of proton therapy, including proton interaction mechanisms, proton transport calculations, the determination of dose from therapeutic and stray radiations, and shielding design. The article discusses underlying processes as well as selected… Show more

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Cited by 487 publications
(371 citation statements)
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References 208 publications
(353 reference statements)
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“…Surviving fractions (SF) were fitted according to the linear-quadratic model SF=exp-(αD-βD 2 ). No statistically significant difference between cellular survival to laser-driven and conventionally accelerated proton beams was observed (Figure 4).…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
See 1 more Smart Citation
“…Surviving fractions (SF) were fitted according to the linear-quadratic model SF=exp-(αD-βD 2 ). No statistically significant difference between cellular survival to laser-driven and conventionally accelerated proton beams was observed (Figure 4).…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The use of charged particles significantly reduces the dose absorbed by normal tissues due to their inverse dose-depth deposition profile as described by the Bragg curve. Their superior ballistic properties are thus the physical pillar justifying hadrontherapy as the eligible treatment for deepseated tumours and/or close to organs at risk [2]. Heavier charged particles such as carbon ions exhibit a higher radiobiological effectiveness than protons or photons, due to their denser ionization event pattern through matter, whereby highly clustered DNA lesion sites arise.…”
Section: The Rationale For Laser-driven Cancer Hadrontherapymentioning
confidence: 99%
“…For each material in (Table ), the mean proton stopping power was calculated for protons with initial kinetic energy over the energy range from E 0 = 100 MeV to E f = 200 MeV (not including the Bragg peak) with 1000 equal energy steps, without tracking the particles, with the following equation:Sm¯=E0EfSmEdEE0EfdE where S m is the restricted stopping power calculated with the Geant4's Bethe‐Bloch equation via the GetDEDX method in the G4EmCalculator class using a high (effectively infinite) production cut. The RSP of each material was then calculated by dividing the evaluated Eq.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The proton therapy is of great interest due to its superior spatial dose distribution to a tumor (Newhauser and Zhang 2015). The proton beam can be used as a tool to treat the eye cancer, lung cancer, and head cancer etc.…”
Section: Description Of the Superconducting Coilsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The proton beam therapy has the unique merits mentioned above that makes it particularly attractive for the treatment of pediatric cancers, cancers in the eye, cancer of skull base, and spine cancer (Efstathiou et al 2013; Levin et al 2005). The 250 MeV superconducting cyclotron for proton therapy is being designed due to the advantages with high magnetic field, low operation costs and more compactness compared with the conventional magnet technology (Kang et al 2010; Newhauser and Zhang 2015; Choi et al 2010). The design goals of the superconducting cyclotron include high reliability, low activation, easy maintenance and easy to use.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%