The physics of a chemically active plasma with nonequilibrium vibrational excitation of molecules

Rusanov, V. D.; Fridman, A. A.; Sholin, G. V.

doi:10.3367/ufnr.0134.198106a.0185

Cited by 74 publications

(93 citation statements)

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“…The vibration state needs to be maintained for vibration energy to build-up and surmount the activation barrier. This is the case at low translational gas temperature where V-T relaxation is reduced [4]. Low translational temperature may be achieved by supersonic expansion of the gas flow [6].…”

Section: Physical Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Production of solar fuels by CO₂plasmolysis

Goede

Bongers

Graswinckel

et al. 2014

EPJ Web of Conferences

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Abstract.A storage scheme for Renewable Energy (RE) based on the plasmolysis of CO 2 into CO and O 2 has been experimentally investigated, demonstrating high energy efficiency (>50%) combined with high energy density, rapid start-stop and no use of scarce materials. The key parameter controlling energy efficiency has been identified as the reduced electric field. Basic plasma parameters including density and temperature are derived from a simple particle and energy balance model, allowing parameter specification of an upscale 100 kW reactor. With RE powered plasmolysis as the critical element, a CO 2 neutral energy system becomes feasible when complemented by effective capture of CO 2 at the input and separation of CO from the output gas stream followed by downstream chemical processing into hydrocarbon fuels. Renewable energy and the need for storageWhile Renewable Energy (RE) sources including solar photo-voltaic, concentrated solar and wind make up an increasingly large fraction of the EU energy supply mix, the development of a suitable energy storage scheme has lagged behind. The need for storage is evident from the ill-matched supply and demand characteristics of RE both geographically and temporarily. This already causes problems in transport and uptake of RE, in particular the handling of excess wind power by the electricity grid [1]. In order to meet base load demand the presently installed wind power capacity is vastly under-employed whilst peak power handling requires over capacity on the grid, driving up total cost of the RE system. Storage capacity needed at EU level to bridge one day of electrical power demand is of the order of 10 TWh. By comparison, EU hydropower storage capacity is approximately 15 TWh. The only way to meet EU energy storage requirements over several days would be chemical storage [2].In order to meet the EU 2020 energy and climate change targets and to follow the EU 2050 Energy Roadmap, it is necessary to reduce CO 2 emission and to move away from fossil fuel altogether. However, a RE driven system could still employ non-fossil hydro-carbon based fuel, provided the CO 2 emitted into the atmosphere is recaptured and recycled. One such scheme is power to gas (P2G), in which excess electricity generated by wind or solar power is converted and stored into hydro-carbon-based (solar) fuels. Naturally, for being CO 2 neutral, the CO 2 emitted by burning these solar fuels must be a Corresponding author: a.p.h.goede@differ.nl This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Section: Physical Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Production of solar fuels by CO₂plasmolysis

Goede

Bongers

Graswinckel

et al. 2014

EPJ Web of Conferences

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“…A plasma allows fast switching (similar to a fluorescent lamp). These features allow up scaling to MW level as indeed pioneered by Russian classified work in the 1960-1970 period [43][44][45]. Results have not been reproduced in the West.…”

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confidence: 91%

“…It has to compete with water electrolysis already yielding high energy efficiency (SOEC > 80%) and no need for separation of product gases. More fundamentally, plasmolysis of water is less efficient compared with CO 2 plasmolysis, with energy efficiencies of 70% to 90% reported for CO 2 against < 40% for water [43]. Water does not possess a preferentially pumped vibration mode such as the asymmetric stretch mode of CO 2 .…”

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confidence: 99%

“…In order to get to the dissociation threshold energy, the energy of one CO 2 molecule is raised by vibrational-vibrational (V-V) molecular energy exchange, a ratchet mechanism for raising the energy of one CO 2 molecule at the expense of many others. The loss of vibration energy by vibration-translation (V-T) energy relaxation is low at low translation temperature [43], which is the case for the non-equilibrium state.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Non-equilibrium thermodynamics. -Key to achieving high energy efficiency in dissociating CO 2 , according to Russian theoretical and experimental work [43][44][45], is to channel energy available in only one out of nine degrees of freedom, the asymmetric stretch mode, thereby creating a thermodynamic non-equilibrium condition between vibration and translational/rotational energy distribution of the molecule. This asymmetric vibration mode, with fundamental at energy hν = 0.29 eV (λ = 4.24-4.28 μm) is excited by low-energy electrons (0.4 < eV < 2 eV) at high rate coefficient ∼ 10 −8 cm 3 /s [46].…”

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CO₂-neutral fuels

Goede

2015

EPJ Web of Conferences

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Summary. -The need for storage of renewable energy (RE) generated by photovoltaic, concentrated solar and wind arises from the fact that supply and demand are ill-matched both geographically and temporarily. This already causes problems of overcapacity and grid congestion in countries where the fraction of RE exceeds the 20% level. A system approach is needed, which focusses not only on the energy source, but includes conversion, storage, transport, distribution, use and, last but not least, the recycling of waste. Furthermore, there is a need for more flexibility in the energy system, rather than relying on electrification, integration with other energy systems, for example the gas network, would yield a system less vulnerable to failure and better adapted to requirements. For example, long-term large-scale storage of electrical energy is limited by capacity, yet needed to cover weekly to seasonal demand. This limitation can be overcome by coupling the electricity net to the gas system, considering the fact that the Dutch gas network alone has a storage capacity of 552 TWh, sufficient to cover the entire EU energy demand for over a month. This lecture explores energy storage in chemicals bonds. The focus is on chemicals other than hydrogen, taking advantage of the higher volumetric energy density of hydrocarbons, in this case methane, which has an approximate 3.5 times higher volumetric energy density. More importantly, it allows the ready use of existing gas infrastructure for energy storage, transport and distribution. Intermittent wind electricity generated is converted into synthetic methane, the Power to Gas (P2G) scheme, by splitting feedstock CO2 and H2O into synthesis gas, a mixture of CO and H2. Syngas plays a central role in the synthesis of a range of hydrocarbon products, including methane, diesel and dimethyl ether. The splitting is accomplished by innovative means; plasmolysis and high-temperature solid oxygen electrolysis. A CO2-neutral fuel cycle is established by powering the conversion step by renewable energy and recapturing the CO2 emitted after combustion, ultimately from the surrounding air to cover emissions from distributed source. Carbon Capture and Utilisation (CCU) coupled to P2G thus creates a CO2-neutral energy system based on synthetic hydrocarbon fuel. It would enable a circular economy where the carbon cycle is closed by recovering the CO2 emitted after reuse of synthetic hydrocarbon fuel. The critical step, technically as well as economically, is the conversion of feedstock CO2/H2O into syngas rather than the capture of CO2 from ambient air.

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Degradation of CO₂ through dielectric barrier discharge microplasma

Duan

et al. 2014

Greenhouse Gases

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The continually increasing use of fossil fuels throughout the world has caused carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration to grow rapidly in the atmosphere. Increasing CO2 emissions are the major cause of global warming, and a number of studies have been done to show the predicted effects of global warming. This paper reported a method of degradation of CO2 through dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma; a microplasma reactor was used to decompose CO2 into carbon monoxide (CO) at normal atmosphere and room temperature. Gas chromatography was used to analyze the compositions of the outlet gases. No carbon deposits were found in this work. A variety of parameters, such as feed flow rate, input power, frequency, discharge gap, and external electrode length were investigated. The effects of these parameters on CO2 conversion were examined. At the same time, the effects of feed flow rate and input power on the energy efficiency were studied. The results indicated that a higher conversion of CO2 can be realized with a lower feed flow rate, a limited higher input power and a lower frequency. However, a higher feed flow rate and a lower input power were beneficial for energy utilization. The discharge gap had a little effect on the conversion of CO2 in microplasma reactor. In this work, the highest conversion of CO2 was 18.0%, and the highest energy efficiency was 3.8%. The DBD microplasma is a promising method for decomposing CO2.© 2014 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

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The physics of a chemically active plasma with nonequilibrium vibrational excitation of molecules

Cited by 74 publications

References 3 publications

Production of solar fuels by CO₂plasmolysis

Production of solar fuels by CO₂plasmolysis

CO₂-neutral fuels

Degradation of CO₂ through dielectric barrier discharge microplasma

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The physics of a chemically active plasma with nonequilibrium vibrational excitation of molecules

Cited by 74 publications

References 3 publications

Production of solar fuels by CO2plasmolysis

Production of solar fuels by CO2plasmolysis

CO2-neutral fuels

Degradation of CO2 through dielectric barrier discharge microplasma

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Production of solar fuels by CO₂plasmolysis

Production of solar fuels by CO₂plasmolysis

CO₂-neutral fuels

Degradation of CO₂ through dielectric barrier discharge microplasma