The Physical and Mental Growth of Girls and Boys Age Six to Nineteen in Relation to Age at Maximum Growth

Shuttleworth, Frank K.

doi:10.2307/1165457

Cited by 108 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 0 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…In general, trends for albumin and gamma globulin were downward and for alpha,, alpha2, beta, and phi (fibrinogen) globulins were upward until delivery or later. Subsequently, the trends were [6][7][8][9][10][11][12] reversed and values approached those of the non- Fifth day tistically significant on the basis of plasma concentration, but per 100 gm. of total protein only the decrease in gamma globulin was significant.…”

Section: And Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They were consuming good diets and clinically were considered well-nourished before, during, and after pregnancy. Since longitudinal data have greater value than cross-sectional data under known environmental conditions during growth (8) and when a physiologic process is involved (9), insofar as possible the same subjects were studied before conception, and throughout pregnancy, delivery, and postpartum, thus providing both types of results and minimizing difficulties in interpreting individual differences by using each subject as her own "control." Data were obtained with the same techniques for a group of non-pregnant women who had never been pregnant.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Metabolism of Women During the Reproductive Cycle. Xvii. Changes in Electrophoretic Patterns of Plasma Proteins Throughout the Cycle and Following Delivery 12

Coryell¹,

Beach²,

Robinson³

et al. 1950

J. Clin. Invest.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The present investigation, an electrophoretic study of blood proteins, was planned to obtain information concerning the preconceptional physiologic status of women, the physiologic changes in the maternal organism in preparation for the exigencies of labor and losses at delivery, for the readjustment during the puerperium, and the demands of lactation. The results of this study will provide the basis for a better understanding of electrophoretic determinations of the proteins in the blood of women whose child-bearing was complicated by abnormal conditions or disease (1).While this investigation was in progress (2) the Tiselius procedure (3) for electrophoretic separation of blood proteins was applied to maternal, fetal, and infant sera by Longsworth, Curtis and Pembroke (4), Lagercrantz (5), Moore, DuPan and Buxton (6), and Scrimshaw and Alling (7) in studies of placental permeability and toxemias of pregnancy but, to our knowledge, this is the first report of electrophoretic determinations of constituents of the blood of healthy women throughout the reproductive cycle, from the preconceptional state through the postpartum readjustment period. The observations on cord blood will be presented in another communication. METHODS AND MATERIALSHealthy, well-nourished women in the early stages of gestation were selected from among his private patients 1 A preliminary report of the material in this paper was presented before the by the obstetrician (H. C. M.) on the basis of medical history and examination. The subjects were average or above in economic level and leading normal family lives. They were consuming good diets and clinically were considered well-nourished before, during, and after pregnancy. Since longitudinal data have greater value than cross-sectional data under known environmental conditions during growth (8) and when a physiologic process is involved (9), insofar as possible the same subjects were studied before conception, and throughout pregnancy, delivery, and postpartum, thus providing both types of results and minimizing difficulties in interpreting individual differences by using each subject as her own "control." Data were obtained with the same techniques for a group of non-pregnant women who had never been pregnant. Blood samnplinig and preparationBlood samples for chemical determinations of total protein and for electrophoresis were obtained during the three trimesters of pregnancy, at delivery, and within 24 hours, five to six days, and six to 12 weeks postpartum. Samples were obtained from finger punctures for evaluation of nutritional status. Since the subjects were living at home and blood samples were procured at times of examination by the obstetrician, the women were not always in a fasting state when blood was withdrawn.Blood was withdrawn from a vein in the antecubital fossa with minimum stasis which might affect the proteins (10), usually between 10:00 a.m. and 2:30 p.m. As accurately as possible, 20 ml. were drawn and discharged into a 50 ml., glass-stoppered Erlenmeyer flask contai...

show abstract

Section: And Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolism of Women During the Reproductive Cycle. Xvii. Changes in Electrophoretic Patterns of Plasma Proteins Throughout the Cycle and Following Delivery 12

Coryell¹,

Beach²,

Robinson³

et al. 1950

J. Clin. Invest.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Several studies documented an IQ or school achievement advantage in children (primarily girls) with early puberty 30 or clinically precocious puberty. [31][32][33][34] Recently, a small sample of children with precocious puberty demonstrated a de-crease in IQ scores during treatment with gonadotropins.…”

Section: Iq and Psychopathologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Public Health Implications of Altered Puberty Timing

et al. 2008

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Changes in puberty timing have implications for the treatment of individual children, for the risk of later adult disease, and for chemical testing and risk assessment for the population. Children with early puberty are at a risk for accelerated skeletal maturation and short adult height, early sexual debut, potential sexual abuse, and psychosocial difficulties. Altered puberty timing is also of concern for the development of reproductive tract cancers later in life. For example, an early age of menarche is a risk factor for breast cancer. A low age at male puberty is associated with an increased risk for testicular cancer according to several, but not all, epidemiologic studies. Girls and, possibly, boys who exhibit premature adrenarche are at a higher risk for developing features of metabolic syndrome, including obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease later in adulthood. Altered timing of puberty also has implications for behavioral disorders. For example, an early maturation is associated with a greater incidence of conduct and behavior disorders during adolescence. Finally, altered puberty timing is considered an adverse effect in reproductive toxicity risk assessment for chemicals. Recent US legislation has mandated improved chemical testing approaches for protecting children's health and screening for endocrinedisrupting agents, which has led to changes in the US Environmental Protection Agency's risk assessment and toxicity testing guidelines to include puberty-related assessments and to the validation of pubertal male and female rat assays for endocrine screening.

show abstract

“…In Europe, Boas (1930Boas ( ) (1932 emphasized the necessity of studies through longitudinal data. So did Davenport (1926) and Shuttleworth (1939). They asserted that longitudinal data, compared with cross-sectional ones, can thoroughly and individually record and analyze time course variations of living organisms and accordingly, they are more advantageous in explicating auxesis (growth) than cross-sectional data.…”

Section: Auxology and Its Historical Signifi Cancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…When growth study addressing quantitative variations (morphological growth) is considered in physical education and sports science, the following two approaches employing natural science, which historically addresses life phenomena, are taken as the main subjects of the present study: 1) an approach to clarify actual process of growth phenomena from raw data as represented by Boas (1930Boas ( ) (1932 and Shuttleworth (1939); 2) an approach to determine general principles by applying graphics and mathematical functions through elucidated properties as described in studies of Tanner (1961Tanner ( ) (1962, Marubini, et al, (1971), and Preece and Baines (1978). For growth study in natural science, universal principles should be explored to explicate phenomena obtained from both approaches while they are mutually affected.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Connection between Growth/Development and Mathematical Function

Fujii

2006

Int. J. Sport Health Sci.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

To investigate universal principles of growth and development, the author examined the questions of when mathematical functions can be applied to growth curves, what type of functions can be used, and, from a consideration of the historical background, the context for application and validity of such mathematical functions. Examinations of this issue have developed along two main lines: the establishment of logistic models as sigmoid curves showing the proliferation process of living organisms, and the establishment of polynomial systems (spline functions) that describe smoothing of the growth curve and fl uctuations in the process. The conceptual prescriptions of fi tting functions for the former are structural models, and those for the latter are nonstructural models. The fundamental thinking is that, similar to proliferation of organisms, growth phenomena can be described and explained with the use of differential equations. However, changes in aspects of growth curves are produced with differences in measurement intervals: waves are seen in growth phenomena as measurement intervals become shorter. Thus, a mathematical function is needed that can describe the changes in growth phenomena using a scaling concept on the time axis. To do this it is necessary to separate growth phenomena from biology and develop mathematical functions derived from an independent conceptual framework. In this context, the author has proposed unique wavelets. Herein, the author discusses the historical and theoretical backgrounds of mathematical fi tting functions and their validity. The author also examine the interface of these functions with growth study, and its theoretical background.

show abstract

The Physical and Mental Growth of Girls and Boys Age Six to Nineteen in Relation to Age at Maximum Growth

Cited by 108 publications

References 0 publications

Metabolism of Women During the Reproductive Cycle. Xvii. Changes in Electrophoretic Patterns of Plasma Proteins Throughout the Cycle and Following Delivery 12

Metabolism of Women During the Reproductive Cycle. Xvii. Changes in Electrophoretic Patterns of Plasma Proteins Throughout the Cycle and Following Delivery 12

Public Health Implications of Altered Puberty Timing

Connection between Growth/Development and Mathematical Function

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About