The phylogeny of some Papilio species based on interspecific hybridization data

Abstract

Abstract. Adults of different species of the genus Papilio can easily be mated by hand‐pairing. The data on egg hatchability, adult formation and F1 fertility in these interspecific hybrids show notable variations according to the crosses. Using these data, values of a differentiation index for each cross were calculated. These estimates of genetic distance were then used to study the phylo‐genetic relationships of the species involved. The data are consistent with the existence of the following groups, each consisting of closely related species: the black Papilio supergroup, the Papilio memnon group, the P.demoleus group, the P.xuthus group, the P.machaon group, the P.bianor group, the P.glaucus group and the P.troilus group. The phylogenetic relationships revealed by these data generally coincide with the relationships established by classical taxonomy. In cases where there are differences of opinion among taxonomists, the writer's data usually support one or other of them.

Mitochondrial DNA variation and Haldane's rule in the Papilio glaucus and P. troilus species groups

“…eurymedon and P. glaucus/P. alexiares are among the few pairs of closely related Papilio species that do not show a Haldane effect (Ae, 1979; Table 2). …”

“…I suggest that both allozymes and mtDNA indicate genetic divergences are so extensive that a large number of genes now contribute to genetic barriers to introgression, obscuring any early contribution that might have been due to genes on sex chromosomes. To date, mtDNA differences, Haldane effect and X effect have been studied in only two other species groups of Lepidoptera, including the Papilio machaon group (Ae, 1979;Thompson, 1988;Sperling, 1993) and the Choristoneura fumiferana group (Harvey, 1985;Sperling & Hickey, unpublished). Both cases show correspondence between all three phenomena.…”

Phylogenetic relationships among the Anopheles hyrcanus species group based on the degree of hybrid development and comparison with phylogenies by other methods.

“…Correlation between hybrid development and phylogenetic similarity Hybridization experiment was employed as a useful means for evaluating the degree of phylogenetic relationship between species of echinoids (Onoda 1938), Amphibia (Kawamura 1956), Papilio (Ae 1979), Drosophila (Patterson and Stone 1952;Buzzati-Traverso and Scossiroli 1955), and Anopheles (Kitzmiller et al 1967). In cases where the degree of development differed among hybrids, the authors related it to the degree of genetic affinities.…”

“…From hybridization experiments among Papilio, Ae (1979) proposed a differentiation index (DI) between parental entities: DI =100 -(c + e +f)/3 where c, e, and f denoted hatchability, categorized sex ratio, and categorized fertility in percentage.…”

Independent Gene Phylogenies and Morphology Demonstrate a Malagasy Origin for a Wide-Ranging Group of Swallowtail Butterflies

“…Based on experimental hybridization of P. demoleus with 13 other Papilio species, Ae (1979) considered P. dardanus and P. phorcas to be part of the P. demoleus group. However, there is little correlation between hybridization success and genetic similarity of swallowtail species (Zakharov et al 2004), and hybridization data can be misleading.…”