The phylogeny of human globin genes investigated by the maximum parsimony method

Goodman, Morris; Moore, Gary; Barnabas, John; Matsuda, Genji

doi:10.1007/bf01795974

Cited by 113 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 89 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Other data have also indicated a decrease in mutation rate, and several explanations have been suggested (43,47,55,56,67). One common explanation is that this effect might be the direct result of an increased generation time (43,67).…”

Section: Zoology: Cutlermentioning

confidence: 98%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Evolution of human longevity and the genetic complexity governing aging rate.

Cutler¹

1975

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

157

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Genetic complexity of processes governing the aging rate of man was estimated by determining the maximum rate lifespan has evolved along the hominid ancestral-descendant sequence. Maximum lifespan potential was found to have increased approximately 2-fold over the past 3 million years, reaching a maximum rate of increase of 14 years per 100,000 years about 100,000 years ago. It is estimated that about 0.6% of the total functional genes have received substitutions leading to one or more adaptive aminoacid changes during this 100,000-year time-period. This suggests that aging is not the result of an expression of a large number of independently acting processes. Instead, primary aging processes appear to exist where only a few genetic changes are necessary to decrease uniformly the aging rate of many different physiological functions.Maximum lifespan (MLS) potential is defined as the maximum observed lifespan of a species (1-3). This value is usually obtained with animals living under favorable conditions but does not vary greatly even over a wide range of living conditions. There is about a 50-fold range of MLS potential for the mammalian species (1-4). However, the various types of age-dependent physiological dysfunctions and diseases are quite similar and are expressed in similar temporal patterns. This is not surprising, considering the similarities at the physiological, biochemical, and molecular levels for the mammalian species, and particularly for the primates, where a 10-to 12-fold difference in MLS potential is found (5-7). Thus, mammalian species appear to age qualitatively in the same manner, by the same types of biological processes, but at different rates that can vary over a 50-fold range (3,(8)(9)(10).These types of observations had suggested that the genetic processes governing aging rate may not be too complex (8,11,12). However, there are other arguments that suggest that the aging process is highly diverse and complex, involving many different genes acting independently of one another (13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18). If this were true, then a uniform increase in lifespan, maintaining the qualitative aspects of the aging process, would require a change in all of these genes.In this paper, the genetic complexity of the processes governing aging rate in man is estimated by determining the highest rate at which MLS potential has evolved along the hominid ancestral-descendant sequence leading to modern man. This rate is compared to the range of evolutionary rates of other characteristics of mammals and to estimates of the maximum rate new genes could have evolved during this time period. RESULTS

show abstract

Section: Zoology: Cutlermentioning

confidence: 98%

“…The amino-acid fixation rate may, however, be substantially lower during recent hominid evolution if it has continued to decrease, as some data have indicated (43,55,56). For example, studies based on human and chimpanzee globins give 2 to 4 X 10-3 AA/gene per 104 generations between Australopithecus and modern man (56).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of human longevity and the genetic complexity governing aging rate.

Cutler¹

1975

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

157

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…We shall compare immunodiffusion (antigenic distance), alpha and beta hemoglobin and myoglobin (sequencing), and albumin and transferrin (immunological) data. Procedures and methods are thoroughly described elsewhere (Goodman and Moore, 1971;Moore et al, 1973;Goodman, 1974;Goodman et aI., 1974;Cronin, 1975Cronin, , 1977. All but the last two (immunological) data sets were sourced from the lab of M. Goodman; the other two were taken from Cronin (1977).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-Linear Macromolecular Evolution and the Molecular Clock

et al. 1980

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…Some have argued that the rate of amino acid substitutions is not constant at all, at least in the case of the globins, which have been sequenced in more animals than perhaps any other protein (3)(4)(5). It is generally agreed that the variance of evolutionary rates is larger than would be expected from chance, assuming that the probability of a substitution remains constant through time for a given protein (6)(7)(8).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Superoxide dismutase: an evolutionary puzzle.

Lee¹,

Friedman²,

Ayala³

1985

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

We have obtained the complete amino acid sequence of copper/zinc-containing superoxide dismutase (SOD, superoxide:superoxide oxidoreductase, EC 1.15.1.1) from Drosophila melanogaster. The sequence of this enzyme is also known for man, horse, cow, and the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The rate of evolution of this enzyme is far from constant. The number of amino acid substitutions per 100 residues per 100 million years is 30.9 when the three mammals are compared to each other, 10.6 when Drosophila is compared to the three mammals, and 5.8 when the yeast is compared to the four animals. The first value represents one of the fastest evolutionary rates for any protein, the second is similar to the globin rate, and the third is similar to some cytochromes and other slowly evolving proteins. Hence, SOD is not an acceptable evolutionary clock. Another peculiarity of this enzyme is that a two-amino-acid deletion must have occurred independently in the lineages going to the cow and to Drosophila. We conclude that using the primary structure of a single gene or protein to time evolutionary events or to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships is potentially fraught with error.Zuckerkandl and Pauling (1) were the first to suggest that the rate of amino acid substitutions in proteins might be constant over evolutionary -time-a hypothesis that they named the "molecular evolutionary clock" (2). This remarkable hypothesis has revolutionalized the reconstruction of evolutionary history and the timing of evolutionary events.There is some debate as to how accurate the molecular clock is. Some have argued that the rate of amino acid substitutions is not constant at all, at least in the case of the globins, which have been sequenced in more animals than perhaps any other protein (3-5). It is generally agreed that the variance of evolutionary rates is larger than would be expected from chance, assuming that the probability of a substitution remains constant through time for a given protein (6-8). But the fit between the observed number of amino acid (and nucleotide) substitutions and the expected number on the assumption of a constant rate is generally quite good (9)(10)(11) MATERIALS AND METHODS D. melanogaster flies collected in Tunisia, Africa, were made isogenic for the third chromosome (which contains the Sod locus) following described procedures (12). The strain used was derived from a single third chromosome extracted from a wild-collected fly and carries the "fast" (SODF) electromorph. Hundreds of thousands of flies homozygous for this wild chromosome were collected 2-4 days after emergence from the puparium and were used for protein extraction.We have described the procedure for purification of the copper/zinc-containing SOD (13). The strategy and experimental details followed in obtaining the complete amino acid sequence will be published elsewhere.The number of amino acid differences between any two species was established using an alignment that maximizes the congruence for all five organisms (see below). This nu...

show abstract

The phylogeny of human globin genes investigated by the maximum parsimony method

Cited by 113 publications

References 89 publications

Evolution of human longevity and the genetic complexity governing aging rate.

Evolution of human longevity and the genetic complexity governing aging rate.

Non-Linear Macromolecular Evolution and the Molecular Clock

Superoxide dismutase: an evolutionary puzzle.

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About