The photorefractive effect in polymeric systems

Ванников, А. В.; Гришина, А. Д.

doi:10.1070/rc2003v072n06abeh000808

Cited by 28 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…Guest-host systems with glass transition (T g ) temperature near room temperature have shown high TBC gain coefficients due to the field-induced reorientation of the dipolar chromophores [45]. First-time observation of the highest PR diffraction efficiency (near 100%) was in a guest-host system reported by Meerholz et al [51].…”

Section: Guest-host Polymer Systemsmentioning

confidence: 87%

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Photorefractive Polymers

Chellapan

Joseph

Ramachandran

2011

Handbook of Stimuli‐Responsive Materials

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When perturbed with electromagnetic radiation of appropriate wavelength and intensity, photorefractive (PR) systems alter their local refractive index properties. To achieve PR properties, photoconductivity and electro-optical response are required. This chapter describes the physics and chemistry of PR systems to stimuli such as electric field and light. Various processes such as photogeneration of charge carriers, charge transport, electro-optic (EO) effect, and grating formation are described in the introductory sections. Material requirements, experimental techniques, and types of PR systems are discussed in the context of the recent progress in PR polymers and their applications.The PR effect is observed in materials showing both photoconductivity and an electric-field-dependent refractive index. The first observation of PR effect in a polymer system was made in the EO polymer bisphenol-A-diglycidylether 4-nitro-1,2-phenylenediamine doped with the charge-transporting molecule diethylamino-benzaldehyde diphenylhydrazone [1]. PR media can be used to store a replica of the incident nonuniform intensity pattern as a refractive index modulation. Illumination with uniform intensity distribution of appropriate wavelength will erase any grating that has already been written inside the material, making them suitable for reversible and real-time holography. Many applications such as multiplexed data storage [2], holographic filters [3], neural networks [4], and updatable 3D display [5] have been demonstrated on a laboratory scale, but commercial products are not yet available mainly because of the strict requirements on material quality and the complexity of the optics required to implement these systems. Early searches for better materials had been concentrated on inorganic crystals, but after the invention of polymer PR materials, significant research efforts have directed to this class of materials as well due to the ease of processability, which is an advantage over inorganic crystals. Diffraction efficiency approaching 100% and two-beam coupling (TBC) gain coefficient of >400 cm −1 have been achieved in PR polymers. The gain coefficients in hybrid systems combining liquid crystals or low-molecular-weight glass-forming materials and polymers have Handbook of Stimuli-Responsive Materials. Edited by Marek W. Urban

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Section: Guest-host Polymer Systemsmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…If a molecule is embedded in a polymer host with high T g and poled, the dominant component to the refractive index modulation results from the Pockels effect. In this case, the FOM is given by Vannikov and Girishina [45],…”

Section: The Photorefractive Effect In Polymers 201mentioning

confidence: 99%

Photorefractive Polymers

Chellapan

Joseph

Ramachandran

2011

Handbook of Stimuli‐Responsive Materials

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“…A high glass transition temperature improves the stability of characteristics of the material, but requires using nano-dimensional nonlinear optical chromophores with considerable third order nonlinearity. [1] Indeed, in unplasticized polymers, an electric field does not provide the chromophores orientational polarization; the nonlinear second-order susceptibility χ (2) = N f 3 β<cos 3 ξ> is zero, as in the case of random distribution of nonlinear chromophores the mean value of <cos3ξ> = 0. (Here N is the chromophore concentration, β is the second order molecular polarizability, ξ is the angle between the principal chromophore axis and the direction of the polarizing electric field and f = (n 0 + 2)/3 is the Lorentz factor, for PVK n 0 = 1.5).…”

Section: Effect Of Cyanine Dyes On Properties Of Composites Based On mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Cyanine Dyes on Photoelectric, Nonlinear Optical and Photorefractive Properties of Composites Based on Carbon Nanotubes

Ванников¹,

Гришина²,

Laryushkin³

et al. 2012

MHC

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“…The prospects for application of near-IR PR polymeric materials are very diverse [3]. Special interest in this problem stems from the possibility of using the PR effect in optical information transfer for amplification of the information laser beam, in medical diagnosis, and so on [4].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this work, we recorded, as the simplest hologram, the phase diffraction grating formed by two beams of a continuous Nd:YAG laser (at a wavelength of 1064 nm) interfering in a polymer composite made of aromatic polyimide (API) (glass transition temperature T g = 240°ë ) As a result of the spatial displacement of the diffraction grating, the beam directed from the fringe to the grating (the signal beam) is amplified while the second, pump beam is attenuated. The prospects for application of near-IR PR polymeric materials are very diverse [3]. Special interest in this problem stems from the possibility of using the PR effect in optical information transfer for amplification of the information laser beam, in medical diagnosis, and so on [4].…”

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confidence: 99%

Infrared Photorefractive Composites Based on Supramolecular Ensembles of Ruthenium(II) Tetra-15-crown-5-phthalocyaninate

Ванников

Гришина²,

Gorbunova³

et al. 2005

Dokl Phys Chem

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In this paper, we report on the results of studying the photorefractive (PR) effect, which was found for the first time in polymeric layers based on supramolecular ensembles of crown-substituted ruthenium phthalocyaninates. The synthesis and physical, chemical, and optical properties of crown-substituted phthalocyaninates of different metals and the structure of their supramolecular ensembles were comprehensively considered in [1]. The PR effect involves the formation, in the recording layer, of a phase hologram shifted by some distance from the interference pattern formed by two crossed laser beams. In this work, we recorded, as the simplest hologram, the phase diffraction grating formed by two beams of a continuous Nd:YAG laser (at a wavelength of 1064 nm) interfering in a polymer composite made of aromatic polyimide (API) (glass transition tempera-N and the ruthenium(II) tetra-15-crown-5-phthalocyaninate complex with triethylenediamine molecules as axial ligands (R 4 Pc)Ru(TED) 2 [2] (R 4 Pc 2-is the [4,5,4',5',4'',5'',4''',5'''-tetrakis(1,4,7,10,13-pentaoxatridecamethylene)phthalocyaninate ion].As a result of the spatial displacement of the diffraction grating, the beam directed from the fringe to the grating (the signal beam) is amplified while the second, pump beam is attenuated. The prospects for application of near-IR PR polymeric materials are very diverse [3]. Special interest in this problem stems from the possibility of using the PR effect in optical information transfer for amplification of the information laser beam, in medical diagnosis, and so on [4]. The PR diffraction grating is created due to the electrooptical effect. It has been recently shown that candidates for the observation of the PR effect are polymer composites that acquire necessary photoelectric, electron transport, and nonlinear optical properties when doped with functional dopants. The PR effect involves the following processes ( Fig. 1): interference of two input laser beams; photogeneration of electron-hole pairs in the region of bright interference fringes; separation of these pairs; and the net drift of like charges, for example, holes, toward the darkfringe regions when the field E 0 is applied. Thus, the electrons and holes are trapped in the bright and dark interference fringes, respectively, which gives rise to a periodic space charge field E sc shifted with respect to the interference pattern (the dashed lines in Fig. 1). The polarization of chromophores with nonlinear optical properties in the periodic field E sc leads to modulation of the refractive index ∆ n , i.e., to formation of a diffraction grating that is in phase with the field E sc . In a rigid polymer matrix with a high glass transition temperature T g , the orientational polarization of chromophores in the electric field is impossible and, thus, only the thirdorder susceptibility χ (3) is nonzero and ∆ n =We studied the optical, photoelectric, nonlinear optical, and PR properties of polymer composites. A polymer layer of thickness d = 5 µ m was obtained by cas...

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The photorefractive effect in polymeric systems

Cited by 28 publications

References 58 publications

Photorefractive Polymers

Photorefractive Polymers

Effect of Cyanine Dyes on Photoelectric, Nonlinear Optical and Photorefractive Properties of Composites Based on Carbon Nanotubes

Infrared Photorefractive Composites Based on Supramolecular Ensembles of Ruthenium(II) Tetra-15-crown-5-phthalocyaninate

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