The PHOTON Family of Lightweight Hash Functions

Abstract

Abstract. RFID security is currently one of the major challenges cryptography has to face, often solved by protocols assuming that an on-tag hash function is available. In this article we present the PHOTON lightweight hash-function family, available in many different flavors and suitable for extremely constrained devices such as passive RFID tags. Our proposal uses a sponge-like construction as domain extension algorithm and an AES-like primitive as internal unkeyed permutation. This allows us to obtain the most compact hash function known so far (about 1120 GE for 64-bit collision resistance security), reaching areas very close to the theoretical optimum (derived from the minimal internal state memory size). Moreover, the speed achieved by PHOTON also compares quite favorably to its competitors. This is mostly due to the fact that unlike for previously proposed schemes, our proposal is very simple to analyze and one can derive tight AES-like bounds on the number of active Sboxes. This kind of AES-like primitive is usually not well suited for ultra constrained environments, but we describe in this paper a new method for generating the column mixing layer in a serial way, lowering drastically the area required. Finally, we slightly extend the sponge framework in order to offer interesting trade-offs between speed and preimage security for small messages, the classical use-case in hardware.

Pushing the Limits of SHA-3 Hardware Implementations to Fit on RFID

“…Since then, several hash-function proposals were made with respect to RFID applications including Keccak, QUARK [2], Spongent [11], and Photon [18].…”

Recursive Diffusion Layers for Block Ciphers and Hash Functions

“…Also, the lightweight hash function PHOTON [5] and the block cipher LED [7] use MDS matrices based on Eq. (1).…”

Multiple Limited-Birthday Distinguishers and Applications

“…Our main results dealing with AES [9] and Whirlpool [1] are summarized and compared to previous works in Table 1. In the full version, we also derive results on ECHO [3], Grøstl [12], LED [15], PHOTON [14], that are reported in Appendix A.…”