Contents 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Structural characterization 12.3 UV-Induced photochemical reactivity 12.4 Thermal reactivity 12.5 IR-Induced processes 12.6 Tunneling in heterocyclic chemistry 12.7 Conclusion and Perspectives 12.8 References ketene 2, as well as a slower ring closure isomerization to a bicyclo β-lactone 3 followed by CO2 elimination to generate cyclobutadiene 4 (Figure 12.1).