The phospholipid membrane compositions of bacterial cells, cancer cell lines and biological samples from cancer patients

Abstract

This review acts as a repository and comparison of cell membrane phospholipid composition data collected from microbial and cancer fields.

Establishing the selective phospholipid membrane coordination, permeation and lysis properties for a series of ‘druggable’ supramolecular self-associating antimicrobial amphiphiles

“…43,44 In addition, we also chose to include phospholipid mixtures directly extracted from E. coli (total and polar), enabling comparison with those antimicrobial efficacy data summarised in Table 1. 21 However, as reported by Bose and co-workers, the phospholipid membrane composition of MRSA USA300 is predominantly PG with an absence of PE, thus when identifying analogous phospholipid systems to represent this bacteria, we believe 100% PG acts as an appropriate substitute for those phospholipid mixtures derived from natural sources. 45 SSAs are amphiphilic compounds and thus exhibit surfactant type properties.…”

“…[18][19][20] These innovations include the effective targeting of the bacterial phospholipid membrane itself, as the phospholipids present within bacterial membranes differ signicantly not only from eukaryotic cell membranes but from each other. 21 Specic small molecule innovation in this area includes work by Busschaert and co-workers, who have successfully developed an antibacterial supramolecular host system for phosphatidylglycerol (PG) lipids, 22 and a bactericidal urea functionalised crown ether construct, which is able to target phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). 23 In addition, Jolliffe and co-workers have developed a synthetic peptide based uorescent probe enabling the selective co-ordination of phosphatidylserine (PS), 24 while Pfeffer and co-workers have produced guanidine based synthetic receptors to enable the co-ordination of Lipid A.…”

It Takes More than Two to Tango: Complex, Hierarchal, and Membrane-Modulated Interactions in the Regulation of Receptor Tyrosine Kinases

“…The neoplastic phenotype is usually associated with elevated levels of these lipids, particularly the most abundant phosphatidylcholine (PC), which is favorable for the higher proliferation rate due to biomass generation for biological membranes and accumulation of highly energetic material. Consistently, alterations in lipid levels were found to correlate with disease progression and patient survival [ 221 , 222 ]. The shift from lipid uptake to de novo lipogenesis in transformed cells leads to increased membrane lipid saturation with higher levels of saturated and monounsaturated chains at the expense of polyunsaturated ones.…”

Advancements in antimicrobial nanoscale materials and self-assembling systems

“…3c), which vary in abundance across bacterial species. 114,115 Additionally, Grampositive bacteria contain the anionic lipoteichoic acid (Fig. 3b) and Gram-negative bacteria contain the anionic liposaccharide (LPS) (Fig.…”

“…115 (c) An example of a phospholipid structure 120 and the molecular structure of different phospholipid headgroups phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphatidylserine (PS) and cardiolipin. 115 one of the following models: the barrel-stave, toroidal pore, carpet and detergent models, 87 each of which are illustrated in Fig. 4.…”