The Phobos information system

Karachevtseva, I. P.; Oberst, J.; Zubarev, A. E.; Nadezhdina, I.; Kokhanov, A. A.; Garov, Andrey; Uchaev, Dmitry V.; Malinnikov, V. A.; Klimkin, N.D.

doi:10.1016/j.pss.2013.12.015

Cited by 20 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…(7) Advances in 3D seismic surveys offer a wide field of activity in applying principles of geomorphometric modelling to subterranean surfaces (Chopra and Marfurt, 2007) that can give a new impetus to geological research. (8) Global, extra-terrestrial mediumresolution DEMs for Mars (Smith et al, 1999), the Moon (Smith et al, 2010), Phobos (Karachevtseva et al, 2014) and Mercury (Becker et al, 2016) are available. Geomorphometry can provide additional tools for comparative planetary studies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Geomorphometric modelling of submarine topography can provide new opportunities for oceanological, marine geomorphological and marine geological studies. There are new DEMs for the ice bed topography of Greenland (Bamber et al, 2013) and Antarctica (Fretwell et al, 2013). In this case, application of geomorphometric methods can produce new results for understanding both glaciological processes and geological structure of glacier-covered terrains. Advances in 3D seismic surveys offer a wide field of activity in applying principles of geomorphometric modelling to subterranean surfaces (Chopra and Marfurt, 2007) that can give a new impetus to geological research. Global, extra-terrestrial medium-resolution DEMs for Mars (Smith et al, 1999), the Moon (Smith et al, 2010), Phobos (Karachevtseva et al, 2014) and Mercury (Becker et al, 2016) are available. Geomorphometry can provide additional tools for comparative planetary studies. Morphometric globes for the Earth, Mars and the Moon have been developed (Florinsky and Filippov, 2017; Florinsky et al, 2017a) owing to advances in scientific visualization (Hansen and Johnson, 2005) and virtual globe (Cozzi and Ring, 2011) technologies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Global, extra-terrestrial medium-resolution DEMs for Mars (Smith et al, 1999), the Moon (Smith et al, 2010), Phobos (Karachevtseva et al, 2014) and Mercury (Becker et al, 2016) are available. Geomorphometry can provide additional tools for comparative planetary studies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An illustrated introduction to general geomorphometry

Florinsky

2017

Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment

102

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Geomorphometry is widely used to solve various multiscale geoscientific problems. For the successful application of geomorphometric methods, a researcher should know the basic mathematical concepts of geomorphometry and be aware of the system of morphometric variables, as well as understand their physical, mathematical and geographical meanings. This paper reviews the basic mathematical concepts of general geomorphometry. First, we discuss the notion of the topographic surface and its limitations. Second, we present definitions, formulae and meanings for four main groups of morphometric variables, such as local, non-local, two-field specific and combined topographic attributes, and we review the following 29 fundamental morphometric variables: slope, aspect, northwardness, eastwardness, plan curvature, horizontal curvature, vertical curvature, difference curvature, horizontal excess curvature, vertical excess curvature, accumulation curvature, ring curvature, minimal curvature, maximal curvature, mean curvature, Gaussian curvature, unsphericity curvature, rotor, Laplacian, shape index, curvedness, horizontal curvature deflection, vertical curvature deflection, catchment area, dispersive area, reflectance, insolation, topographic index and stream power index. For illustrations, we use a digital elevation model (DEM) of Mount Ararat, extracted from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) 1-arc-second DEM. The DEM was treated by a spectral analytical method. Finally, we briefly discuss the main paradox of general geomorphometry associated with the smoothness of the topographic surface and the non-smoothness of the real topography; application of morphometric variables; statistical aspects of geomorphometric modelling, including relationships between morphometric variables and roughness indices; and some pending problems of general geomorphometry (i.e. analysis of inner surfaces of caves, analytical description of non-local attributes and structural lines, as well as modelling on a triaxial ellipsoid). The paper can be used as a reference guide on general geomorphometry.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An illustrated introduction to general geomorphometry

Florinsky

2017

Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment

102

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“…A total of 1072 craters larger than 250 m in diameter were identified on Phobos (Karachevtseva et al, 2014), whose statistics are close to the Moon's highlands (Thomas and Veverka, 1980). Some craters appear to be fresh, while some are highly degraded.…”

Section: Previous Observationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some craters appear to be fresh, while some are highly degraded. Most of their depth-to-diameter ratios are between ~0.02 and ~0.2 (Hemmi and Miyamoto, 2020;Basilevsky et al, 2014;Karachevtseva et al, 2014).…”

Section: Previous Observationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Small-scale topographic irregularities on Phobos: Image and numerical analyses for MMX mission

Takemura¹,

Miyamoto²,

Hemmi³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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The mothership of the Martian Moons eXploration (MMX) will perform the first landing and sampling on the surface of Phobos. For the safe landing, the 2.1 m-wide mothership of the MMX should find a smooth surface with at most 40 cm topographic irregularity, however, whose abundance or even existence is not guaranteed based on current knowledge. We studied the highest resolution images of Phobos for possible topographic irregularities in terms of boulder (positive relief feature) and crater distributions. We find that the spatial number densities of positive relief features and craters can vary significantly; one region has 249/km 2 confirmed positive relief features (and 2,804/km 2 including candidates) and 342/km 2 confirmed craters (1,510/km 2 including candidates) as major negative features. These numbers contrast to another region, where only 46/km 2 positive relief features (260/km 2 including candidates) and 268/km 2 craters (526/km 2 includi ng candidates) exist, indicating that the surface irregularities vary significantly over the entire surface. We extrapolate the size-frequency distributions of positive relief features to evaluate the surface roughness below the image resolution limit. We find that the probabilities that topographic irregularities are <40 cm for the areas of 4 × 4 m and 20 × 20 m are > 65 % and <1 % for boulder-rich areas and >94 % and >41 % for boulder-poor areas, respectively, even for the worst-case estimates. The estimated probabilities largely increase when we reduce the assumed number of positive relief features, which are more realistic cases. These indicate high probabilities of finding a smooth enough place to land on Phobos' surface safely.

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