The Phlorotannin-Rich Fraction ofEcklonia cavaExtract Attenuated the Expressions of the Markers Related with Inflammation and Leptin Resistance in Adipose Tissue

Abstract

Obesity is associated with systemic chronic inflammation, and it induces central leptin resistance which blocks the appetite-suppressing effect of leptin and leptin resistance in adipocytes. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of Ecklonia cava extract (ECE), which contained rich phlorotannins, on inflammation and leptin resistance in the adipose tissue of a diet-induced obese model. Effects of ECE on fat deposition, inflammation, M1/M2 macrophage, and T-cell infiltrations were investigated, and leptin resistance and SOCS3 were also measured in adipose tissue. Furthermore, ECE attenuated the expression of inflammation-related receptors such as TLR4 and RAGE and leptin resistance by reducing SOCS3 expression, increasing expression of leptin receptor in adipose tissue, and increasing lipolysis. ECE showed antiadiposity and anti-inflammatory effects, attenuated leptin resistance, and increased lipolysis in the diet-induced obese model. This study shows that ECE is a suitable dietary supplement candidate for the prevention or treatment of obesity or obesity-associated diseases, especially inflammation-related diseases.

Attenuating Effects of Pyrogallol-Phloroglucinol-6,6-Bieckol on Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Phenotype Changes to Osteoblastic Cells and Vascular Calcification Induced by High Fat Diet

“…HFD also elevated the AGE deposition. Apart from that, HFD elevated the expressions of RAGE and TLR4 in adipose tissue [26]. In our study, HFD increased the level of serum AGE and expressions of RAGE and TLR4 in mice aorta.…”

“…The accumulation of RAGE ligands is also elevated in adipose tissues of HFD-induced obesity animal models [23][24][25]. TLR4 and NF-κB expressions were also elevated in adipose tissues of HFD-induced obesity models [26]. Ecklonia cava (E. cava) is a species of brown alga that demonstrated anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, anti-diabetic, and anti-obesity effects [27][28][29].…”

“…Ecklonia cava (E. cava) is a species of brown alga that demonstrated anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, anti-diabetic, and anti-obesity effects [27][28][29]. Our earlier study demonstrated that E. cava extract (ECE) had an attenuation effect on increased expressions of RAGE, TLR4, and NF-κB in adipose tissue by HFD [26]. Pyrogallol-phloroglucinol-6,6-bieckol (PPB), a compound of E. cava, was reported to show a decreased vascular inflammation by decreasing monocyte-associated endothelial cell death and reducing monocyte involved in VSMC proliferation or migration [30].…”

Attenuating Effects of Dieckol on High-Fat Diet-Induced Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease by Decreasing the NLRP3 Inflammasome and Pyroptosis

“…Ecklonia cava, which is a brown seaweed found on the coastline of Korea, showed various beneficial effects such as anti-inflammatory [19,20], anti-oxidant [21], and antiadipogenic effects [22]. In addition, phlorotannins from Ecklonia cava have been reported to have various effects, such as decreasing inflammation, which is induced by HFD [23,24]. Dieckol (DK)-enriched extraction from Laminaria japonica has been reported to decrease hepatic steatosis by stimulating hepatic fatty acid β-oxidation [25].…”

The Reducing Effects of Pyrogallol-Phloroglucinol-6,6-Bieckol on High-Fat Diet-Induced Pyroptosis in Endothelial and Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells of Mice Aortas

“…Ecklonia cava, (E. cava), an edible marine brown alga, shows anti-inflammatory and anti-obesity effects [ 18 , 19 ]. Pyrogallol-phloroglucinol-6,6-bieckol (PPB), a compound found in E. cava, significantly hinders monocyte migration and macrophage differentiation to the inflammatory type [ 20 ]; thus, PPB reduces monocyte-induced EC death and monocyte-induced VSMC proliferation and migration [ 20 ].…”