The Philosophy of Bal Gangadhar Tilak: Karma vs. Jñāna in the Gītā Rahasya

Brown, D. Mackenzie

doi:10.2307/2941466

Cited by 9 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…So the caste rules are not the final source of duty in modern India. The duty which has fallen on one's shoulders may have been taken up by one as a duty with own choice becomes a moral duty [16]. So niskama karma provides the technique of performing one's duty.…”

Section: Karmayogin Balgangadhar Tilakmentioning

confidence: 99%

Karmayoga in Bhagavad Gita and Contemporary Time

Bhattacharjee¹

2021

ASH

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The philosophy of 'karma' is a doctrine to consider being the foundation stone of the entire Indian Philosophical outlook. The Bhagavad Gita is most beloved scripture of Indian thought and one of the prime chapters of this scripture is the 'law of karma'. According to it, every man profit from what he does and suffers from what he does. Karmayoga is mainly based on niskam-karma but not the mere renunciation of Karma. We have to give up the attachment and the fruit regarding the action. So, the action is our Svadharma, fruit or result is not our concern. The Gita said that the nature of Karma was natural, inherent in man's existence and everybody has to work. Hence an attempt is made here to discuss the law of karma as considered by the Bhagavad Gita. Bhagavad-Gita has played an important role for guiding modern man in the performance of day-to-day duties. That involvement with the world is expressed by the term lokasamgraha. The term covers amplitude of social and spiritual forms of behavior and attitudes of mind. Some great thinkers, religious and political leaders like Mahatma Gandhi, Aurobindo Ghosh, Balgangadhar Tilak, Swami Vivekananda and so many great men have greatly influenced by the ideal of karma yoga. In this present word, I used a method which is critical and comparative. The concept of Karmayoga of Bhagavad Gita is critically examined. Here an attempt is made here to discuss the law of karma as considered by the Bhagavad Gita comparatively with contemporary Indian thinkers.

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Section: Karmayogin Balgangadhar Tilakmentioning

confidence: 99%

Karmayoga in Bhagavad Gita and Contemporary Time

Bhattacharjee¹

2021

ASH

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“…The Bhagavad Gita which translates as the song of God is also known as a text VOLUME 4, 2016 that summarizes and known as the core of Hindu philosophy [14]. The philosophy of karma, known as karma yoga is attributed to the Bhagavad Gita [21]- [23]. The transmission of the Bhagavad Gita has been through oral tradition for thousands of years, from the event of the Mahabharata war in India, with recent estimates around 5100 years age [24], [25]; however, the exact dates have been debated in the literature with some scholars dating it to around 2500 -3500 years ago [26], [27].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Semantic and Sentiment Analysis of Selected Bhagavad Gita Translations Using BERT-Based Language Framework

Chandra

Kulkarni

2022

IEEE Access

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It is well known that translations of songs and poems not only breaks rhythm and rhyming patterns, but also results in loss of semantic information. The Bhagavad Gita is an ancient Hindu philosophical text originally written in Sanskrit that features a conversation between Lord Krishna and Arjuna prior to the Mahabharata war. The Bhagavad Gita is also one of the key sacred texts in Hinduism and known as the forefront of the Vedic corpus of Hinduism. In the last two centuries, there has been a lot of interest in Hindu philosophy by western scholars and hence the Bhagavad Gita has been translated in a number of languages. However, there is not much work that validates the quality of the English translations. Recent progress of language models powered by deep learning has enabled not only translations but better understanding of language and texts with semantic and sentiment analysis. Our work is motivated by the recent progress of language models powered by deep learning methods. In this paper, we compare selected translations (mostly from Sanskrit to English) of the Bhagavad Gita using semantic and sentiment analyses. We use hand-labelled sentiment dataset for tuning state-of-art deep learning-based language model known as bidirectional encoder representations from transformers (BERT). We use novel sentence embedding models to provide semantic analysis for selected chapters and verses across translations. Finally, we use the aforementioned models for sentiment and semantic analyses and provide visualisation of results. Our results show that although the style and vocabulary in the respective Bhagavad Gita translations vary widely, the sentiment analysis and semantic similarity shows that the message conveyed are mostly similar across the translations.

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“…The Bhagavad Gita is part of the Mahabharata which is known as the one of oldest and largest epics written in verse in the Sanskrit language [ 30 – 32 ]. The Bhagavad Gita is known as a concise summary of Hindu philosophy [ 12 ] with a major attribute which is the philosophy of karma [ 33 – 35 ]. The Upanishads is a collection of philosophical texts of ancient India which marks the foundation in the history of philosophy [ 36 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Artificial intelligence for topic modelling in Hindu philosophy: Mapping themes between the Upanishads and the Bhagavad Gita

Chandra

Ranjan

2022

PLoS ONE

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The Upanishads are known as one of the oldest philosophical texts in the world that form the foundation of Hindu philosophy. The Bhagavad Gita is the core text of Hindu philosophy and is known as a text that summarises the key philosophies of the Upanishads with a major focus on the philosophy of karma. These texts have been translated into many languages and there exist studies about themes and topics that are prominent; however, there is not much done using language models which are powered by deep learning. In this paper, we use advanced language models such as BERT to provide topic modelling of the Upanishads and the Bhagavad Gita. We then map those topics of the Bhagavad Gita and the Upanishads since it is well known that Bhagavad Gita summarizes the key messages in the Upanishads. We also analyse the distinct and overlapping topics amongst the texts and visualise the link of selected texts of the Upanishads with the Bhagavad Gita. Our results show very high similarity between the topics of these two texts with the mean cosine similarity of 73%. We find that out of the fourteen topics extracted from the Bhagavad Gita, nine of them have a cosine similarity of more than 70% with the topics of the Upanishads. We also find that topics generated by the BERT-based models show very high coherence when compared to the conventional models. Our best-performing model gives a coherence score of 73% on the Bhagavad Gita and 69% on the Upanishads. The visualization of the low-dimensional embeddings of these texts shows very clear overlapping themes among their topics adding another level of validation to our results.

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The Philosophy of Bal Gangadhar Tilak: Karma vs. Jñāna in the Gītā Rahasya

Cited by 9 publications

References 2 publications

Karmayoga in Bhagavad Gita and Contemporary Time

Karmayoga in Bhagavad Gita and Contemporary Time

Semantic and Sentiment Analysis of Selected Bhagavad Gita Translations Using BERT-Based Language Framework

Artificial intelligence for topic modelling in Hindu philosophy: Mapping themes between the Upanishads and the Bhagavad Gita

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