The Philippine Islands

Moving Mountains: Protestant Christianity and the Spiritual Landscape of Northern Luzon

“…From the earliest ethnographic accounts of Philippine people, the spiritual life of upland groups has been linked to the geography of the mountainous areas in which they live (Jenks 1905;Forbes 1928). In ways familiar to upland groups throughout Southeast Asia (Keyes 1995), the upland groups of the Philippines have organised economic, social, political and religious life around the seasons, topography and ecology of the mountains.…”

Patterns of Empire: The British and American Empires, 1688 to the Present

“…When soon-to-be President Harding was chairman of the Senate Committee on Territories and Insular Possessions in 1916, he insisted that the United States could not withdraw from the Philippines: "I think it is impossible for us to honorably withdraw." 190 As late as 1922, Franklin Roosevelt wrote to his friend Leonard Wood in the Philippines: "The vast majority of people in this country, I have always been certain, understand that complete independence for all these peoples is not to be thought of for many years to come." 191 That same year, Secretary of War John W. Weeks spoke for himself and President Harding, saying to a New York newspaper, "I am not in favor of granting immediate independence to the Philippines, and the President is not."…”

“…191 That same year, Secretary of War John W. Weeks spoke for himself and President Harding, saying to a New York newspaper, "I am not in favor of granting immediate independence to the Philippines, and the President is not." 192 In 1927, the Philippine legislature passed a bill asking for a plebiscite that would enable the Philippine people to express their views on whether they should get independence. The governor general at the time, Leonard Wood, vetoed the bill, and President Coolidge gave his wholehearted support of the veto.…”