The Phenomenon of the Acute Phase Response*

Kushner, Irving

doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1982.tb22124.x

Cited by 1,373 publications

(642 citation statements)

References 82 publications

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“…observed in the initial phase of a (viral) infection, tissue injury or inflammation [24]. In the case of a NicQb it may be hypothesized that the VLP elicits a similar initial nonspecific response as a virus, leading to rapid and transient production of inflammatory cytokines.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A therapeutic vaccine for nicotine dependence: preclinical efficacy, and phase I safety and immunogenicity

Maurer¹,

Jennings²,

Willers³

et al. 2005

Eur. J. Immunol.

258

198

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Nicotine is the principal addictive component in tobacco, and following uptake acts in the central nervous system. The smoking-cessation efforts of most smokers fail because a single slip often delivers sufficient nicotine to the brain to reinstate the drug-seeking behaviour. Blocking nicotine from entering the brain by induction of specific antibodies may be an effective means to prevent such relapses. The hapten nicotine was coupled to virus-like particles (VLP) formed by the coat protein of the bacteriophage Qb. In preclinical experiments, this Nicotine-Qb VLP (NicQb) vaccine induced strong antibody responses. After intravenous nicotine challenge, vaccinated mice exhibited strongly reduced nicotine levels in the brain compared with control mice. In a phase I study, 32 healthy non-smokers were immunized with NicQb. The vaccine was safe and welltolerated. All volunteers who received NicQb showed nicotine-specific IgM antibodies at day 7 and nicotine-specific IgG antibodies at day 14. Antibody levels could be boosted by a second injection or the addition of Alum as an adjuvant and the antibodies had a high affinity for nicotine. These data suggest that antibodies induced by NicQb may prevent relapses by sequestering nicotine in the blood of immunized smokers.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A therapeutic vaccine for nicotine dependence: preclinical efficacy, and phase I safety and immunogenicity

Maurer¹,

Jennings²,

Willers³

et al. 2005

Eur. J. Immunol.

258

198

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Serum CEA concentration in cancer, reflects the integral of the production of CEA by normal and malignant cells, the tumour cell mass and the metabolism of the CEA. By contrast, elevated serum levels of CRP, ACT or AGP, in a patient with cancer in the absence of infection predominantly reflect the effects of stimulation of the liver to increased APRP synthesis in response to blood borne chemical signals derived from tissue destruction in any site (Cooper & Stone, 1979;Kushner, 1982).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multivariate analyses as aids to diagnosis and assessment of prognosis in gastrointestinal cancer

Mello¹,

Struthers²,

Turner³

et al. 1983

Br J Cancer

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“…The observation in Drosophila that in Toll-deficient and in imd mutants the synthesis of the antimicrobial peptides is severely compromised, has provided a welcome model with which to investigate the role of these molecules in the host defense under in vivo conditions. In a series of experiments performed in wild-type and mutant adults of Drosophila challenged with either Gram-negative E. coli or the filamentous fungus Aspergillus fumigatus, Lemaitre and c o -~o r k e r s (~~) have now reported that: (1) imd mutants, in which the challenge-induced synthesis of antibacterial peptides is dramatically lowered, exhibit a severely reduced survival rate when injected with E. colias compared to Toll deficient or wild-type flies; however their resistance to infection with the fungus A. fumigatus is similar to that of wild-type flies; (2) conversely, Toll-deficient flies, in which drosomycin induction is severely compromised, but not that of the antibacterial peptides, are poorly resistant to infection by A. fumigatus but show a survival rate to E. coli which is similar to that of wild-type adults. Significantly in imdmutants, the number of E. coliper fly increases by three magnitudes within 24 hours following an infection, whereas no bacterial growth is observed in wild-type or Toll-deficient adults.…”

Section: The Role Of Antimicrobial Peptides In the Host Defense Of Drmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antimicrobial peptide defense in Drosophila

1997

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Drosophila responds to a septic injury by the rapid synthesis of antimicrobial peptides. These molecules are predominantly produced by the fat body, a functional equivalent of mammalian liver, and are secreted into the hemolymph where their concentrations can reach up to 100 μM. Six distinct antibacterial peptides (plus isoforms) and one antifungal peptide have been characterized in Drosophila and their genes cloned. The induction of the gene encoding the antifungal peptide relies on the spätzle/Toll/cactus gene cassette, which is involved in the control of dorsoventral patterning in the embryo, and shows interesting structural and functional similarities with cytokine‐induced activation of NF‐ϰB in mammalian cells. An additional pathway, dependent on the as yet unidentified imd (for immune‐deficiency) gene, is required for the full induction of the antibacterial peptide genes. Mutants deficient for the Toll and imd pathways exhibit a severely reduced survival to fungal and bacterial infections, respectively. Recent data on the molecular mechanisms underlying recognition of non‐self are also discussed in this review.

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The Phenomenon of the Acute Phase Response*

Cited by 1,373 publications

References 82 publications

A therapeutic vaccine for nicotine dependence: preclinical efficacy, and phase I safety and immunogenicity

A therapeutic vaccine for nicotine dependence: preclinical efficacy, and phase I safety and immunogenicity

Multivariate analyses as aids to diagnosis and assessment of prognosis in gastrointestinal cancer

Antimicrobial peptide defense in Drosophila

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