The Phenomenology of Autonomous Order Formation in Perception

Kanizsa, Gaetano; Luccio, Riccardo

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-48779-8_11

Cited by 19 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…On the basis of the present findings with the one-sided illusion, one would expect that the partly occluded object in the two-sided version would appear to be much larger than the objectively same-sized disoccluded figure that is fully visible. In fact, the partly occluded figure is now seen as significantly smaller than its unoccluded version (Kanizsa 1979;Kanizsa and Luccio 1978; for a review of work on this version of the illusion see Vezzani 1999). Figure 10.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the present article we examine a size illusion, which Palmer (1999) called thè occlusion illusion', that occurs when a single retinal region that is perceived as partly occluded (henceforth the`target') appears to be larger than a physically identical region that is perceived as fully visible against a homogeneous background (the`standard') (Kanizsa 1979;Kanizsa and Luccio 1978;Micali et al 1978;see Vezzani 1999 for a review). Figure 1d shows a canonical example of the occlusion illusion: two identical semicircles, with the target abutting a rectangle along its straight edge and the standard surrounded by a uniform background.…”

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confidence: 99%

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The Occlusion Illusion: Partial Modal Completion or Apparent Distance?

2007

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Introduction Although the visual system is remarkably accurate in representing the properties of most environmental objects under most circumstances, systematic illusions occur in the perception of many visual properties. Among the best known and understood of these are size illusions, most of which can be explained either by errors in the perceived distance to the target objects (eg the Ponzo illusion), by the influence of size contrast with nearby contextual objects (eg the Ebbinghaus illusion), or by size assimilation to nearby contextual figures (eg the Delboeuf illusion). Perhaps the best known of all size illusions is the moon illusion (see figure 1a): the inaccurate perception of the moon as being larger when it is close to the horizon than when it is high in the sky. Although this phenomenon has been known for many centuries, its explanation is not fully settled (cf Hershenson 1989). The most widely accepted theory is based on differences in the apparent distance of the moon near the horizon versus high in the sky (eg Kaufman and Rock 1962; Rock and Kaufman 1962). The apparent-distance theory states that the horizon moon is (nonconsciously) perceived as farther away than the zenith moon öas though the sky were a`flattened' domeöowing to the effects of distance cues, such as texture gradients, near the horizon. When the visual system takes this distance information into account, the seemingly more distant horizon moon looks larger than the seemingly closer zenith moon. A great deal of experimental evidence supports this explanation (Kaufman and Rock 1962; Rock and Kaufman 1962), which is a specific application of a more general perceptual regularity known as Emmert's law: If retinal size is held constant, then perceived size increases with increasing distance. Another well-known type of explanation for size illusions is contextual contrast. A prototypical size-contrast effect is the Ebbinghaus illusion, in which two identical circles are perceived as different in size because of differential contrast with the size of

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

The Occlusion Illusion: Partial Modal Completion or Apparent Distance?

2007

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“…The changes in the structure from reproduction to reproduction, as observed in Bartlett scenarios, may be interpreted in Gestalt psychological terms as an effect of the tendency towards Priignanz, which is nowadays sometimes identified with the tendency towards stability (Kanizsa & Luccio, 1990). The lawful processes that can be observed in Bartlett scenarios as shown, e.g., in Figure 1 or in multidot configurations (Stadler & Kruse, 1990a, 1990b, 1991 seem to be caused by underlying force fields that do not exist on the surface of the stimulus areas.…”

Section: Offprint Requests To: M Stadlermentioning

confidence: 98%

Attractors and perceptual field dynamics of homogeneous stimulus areas

et al. 1991

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The phenomenon of the wandering point on a blank sheet of paper in serial reproductions is the starting point of an investigation of the perceptual field structure of homogeneous stimulus areas; 609 stimulus points distributed regularly in 21 rows and 29 columns on a DIN A4 sheet were presented successively to 10 subjects and had to be reproduced immediately afterwards in order to establish empirical vector fields. These were subjected to vector-analytic procedures. A method for the decomposition of the measured vector fields into partitions from gradient potentials and circulation potentials is demonstrated. The gradient potentials of the empirical vector fields revealed a highly regular structure with four point attractors near the corners of the sheet. A model calculation of the wandering point in this potential landscape showed results comparable to the empirical phenomenon. The results are discussed in favor of Gestalt theory and against direct perception.

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“…(Rausch, 1966); and (2) the tendency of such structures towards a maximum of stability and persistence to change (Kanizsa & Luccio, 1990). As a result, Gestalt theory formulated many fundamental principles of such a selforganization.…”

Section: Lmentioning

confidence: 99%