The Phenolic Antioxidant 3,5-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzyl Alcohol (DHMBA) Prevents Enterocyte Cell Death under Oxygen-Dissolving Cold Conditions through Polyphyletic Antioxidant Actions

Abstract

Cold preservation in University of Wisconsin (UW) solution is not enough to maintain the viability of the small intestine, due to the oxidative stress. The novel phenolic antioxidant 3,5-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzyl alcohol (DHMBA) has dual properties to reduce oxidative stress, radical scavenging, and antioxidant protein induction, in other cells. This study was designed to determine whether DHMBA reduces cold preservation injury of enterocytes, and to identify the effector site. Enterocytes were subjected to 48-h cold preservation under atmosphere in UW solution (±DHMBA), and then returned to normal culture to replicate reperfusion of the small intestine after cold preservation. At the end of cold preservation (ECP) and at 1, 3, 6, and 72 h after rewarming (R1h, R3h, R6h, and R72h), we evaluated cell function and the injury mechanism. The results showed that DHMBA protected mitochondrial function mainly during cold preservation, and suppressed cell death after rewarming, as shown by the MTT, ATP, mitochondrial membrane potential, LDH, and lipid peroxidation assays, together with enhanced survival signals (PI3K, Akt, p70S6K) and induction of antioxidant proteins (HO-1, NQO-1, TRX-1). We found that DHMBA mitigates the cold-induced injury of enterocytes by protecting the mitochondria through direct and indirect antioxidative activities.

Potential Function of 3,5‐Dihydroxy‐4‐Methoxybenzyl Alcohol from Pacific Oyster (Crassostrea gigas) in Brain of Old Mice

“…In previous study, DHMBA has been found that from Pacific oyster, can alleviate the oxidation of cultured human hepatocytes mediated by Diphenyl-1-pyrenylphosphine, as well as induce the expression of antioxidant proteins in cells, thus protecting mitochondria to mitigate cold damage in intestinal cells. [14,35] Nrf2 is a transcription factor responsible for regulating redox levels in mammalian cells. [10,36] By promoting increased expression of its downstream antioxidant proteins, it increases the antioxidant capacity of the body, reduces the level of oxidative stress, and delays aging.…”

The Marine Factor 3,5-Dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzyl Alcohol Represses Adipogenesis in Mouse 3T3-L1 Adipocytes In Vitro: Regulating Diverse Signaling Pathways

“…3,5-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzyl alcohol (DHMBA), a novel amphipathic phenolic compound, was initially isolated from the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) with a characterization of antioxidant [9,10]. We used the synthesized DHMBA in the present study [12][13][14]. DHMBA was obtained from Watanabe Oyster Laboratory, Inc. (Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan).…”

“…The novel phenolic antioxidant 3,5-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzyl alcohol (DHMBA) was originally found in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas [9,10]. DHMBA has dual properties to prevent oxidative stress as radical scavenging in several cells [9][10][11][12][13][14]. Interestingly, DHMBA is an outstanding peroxyl radical scavenger, being about 15 times and four orders of magnitude better than Trolox for that purpose in lipid and aqueous media, respectively [15].…”

“…This compound reacts faster with HOO(•) than other known antioxidants such as resveratrol and ascorbic acid [15]. DHMBA may play an important nutritional factor in the regulation of cell function as an antioxidant [9][10][11][12][13][14][15].…”

The marine factor 3,5-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzyl alcohol suppresses growth, migration and invasion and stimulates death of metastatic human prostate cancer cells: targeting diverse signaling processes

“…The novel phenolic antioxidant 3,5-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzyl alcohol (DHMBA) was originally isolated from Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas [12,13]. DHMBA has dual properties to reduce oxidative stress, radical scavenging, and antioxidant protein induction in cells [12][13][14][15][16][17]. DHMBA has been shown to eliminate hydroxyl radicals and inhibits hepatocyte DNA fragmentation and cell death in vitro [14].…”