The phase shift between potential and kinetic energy in human walking

Cavagna, G; Legramandi, Mario A.

doi:10.1242/jeb.232645

Cited by 7 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…With respect to NW, the times were approximately equal in the Parkinson group with trends of symmetry only at 1.8 km h −1 . This is in line with a previous study that reported similar times in healthy males during FW at the most common speed, 12 resulting in a higher pendulum‐like recovery during NW than in FW.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…In healthy males during FW, the upward and downward displacements are symmetrical at their self-selected walking speed (~5.8 km h −1 ) reaching greater recovery energy, and the times become asymmetrical in speeds below 3.2 km h −1 and above 6.8 km h −1 . 12 With respect to NW, the times were approximately equal in the Parkinson group with trends of symmetry only at 1.8 km h −1 . This is in line with a previous study that reported similar times in healthy males during FW at the most common speed, 12 resulting in a higher pendulum-like recovery during NW than in FW.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…The temporal symmetry of the center of body mass displacement is a determinant for the optimization of inverted pendulum‐like and is assessed by determining the upward and downward displacements (Supplementary file ). In healthy males during FW, the upward and downward displacements are symmetrical at their self‐selected walking speed (~5.8 km h −1 ) reaching greater recovery energy, and the times become asymmetrical in speeds below 3.2 km h −1 and above 6.8 km h −1 12 . With respect to NW, the times were approximately equal in the Parkinson group with trends of symmetry only at 1.8 km h −1 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Under these conditions, the external mechanical work is minimal, the vertical and forward mechanical work are similar, and the time of the upward and downward displacement of the center of body mass is symmetrical. 12 These mechanical aspects enable a reduction in the metabolic energy expenditure. 7 Aside from its benefits to neuropathological aspects, physical exercise is a strategy to aid drug treatment and reduce the harmful effects of Parkinson's disease because it increases the receptors of dopaminergic neurons.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In healthy people, a high recovery (~65%) occurs at a self‐selected walking speed (~5 km h −1 ). Under these conditions, the external mechanical work is minimal, the vertical and forward mechanical work are similar, and the time of the upward and downward displacement of the center of body mass is symmetrical 12 . These mechanical aspects enable a reduction in the metabolic energy expenditure 7 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Biomechanical responses of Nordic walking in people with Parkinson's disease

Leal-Nascimento

Silva

Zanardi

et al. 2021

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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In healthy adults, Nordic walking (NW) is known to increase the external mechanical energy fluctuations, though the external work is unaltered due to an improved pendulum-like recovery in comparison with free walking (FW). We aimed to compare mechanical, pendulum-like, and spatiotemporal parameters of gait at different speeds with and without NW poles in people with Parkinson's disease and healthy controls. The study included 11 people (aged 65.6 ± 7.0 years) with idiopathic Parkinson's disease, scoring between 1 and 1.5 on the Hoehn and Yahr scale (H&Y), and nine healthy controls (aged 70.0 ± 5.6 years). All the people were experienced Nordic walkers. Walking tests were performed at 1.8 km h −1 and 4.7 km h −1 , on eight 3D force platforms on a walkway. We found greater pendulum-like energy recovery (p < 0.05) in the Parkinson group during NW than in FW, while external mechanical work remained similar (p > 0.05). People with Parkinson's disease showed a major increase in vertical and forward energy fluctuations using poles than in healthy controls. In addition, the Parkinson group showed increased stride frequency and reduced stride length compared to controls in the NW and FW conditions. Our findings partly justify the lower walking economy in Parkinson's disease due to reduced pendulum-like mechanism at commonly used speeds. NW alters gait mechanics similarly in Parkinson group and healthy control, increasing the total mechanical work. Therefore, NW can be a compelling strategy for rehabilitation because of its potential for improving functional mobility, increasing pendulum-like mechanism in Parkinson's disease.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Biomechanical responses of Nordic walking in people with Parkinson's disease

Leal-Nascimento

Silva

Zanardi

et al. 2021

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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The interplay between gastrocnemius medialis force–length and force–velocity potentials, cumulative EMG activity and energy cost at speeds above and below the walk to run transition speed

Monte

Tecchio

Nardello

et al. 2022

Experimental Physiology

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The aim of this study was to investigate the interplay between the force-length (F-L) and force-velocity (F-V) potentials of gastrocnemius medialis (GM) muscle fascicles, the cumulative muscle activity per distance travelled (CMAPD) of the lower limb muscles (GM, vastus lateralis, biceps femori, tibialis anterior) and net energy cost (C net ) during walking and running at speeds above and below the walk-to-run transition speed (walking: 2-8 km h −1 ; running: 6-10 km h −1 ). A strong association was observed between C net and CMAPD: both changed significantly with walking speed but were unaffected by speed in running. The F-L and F-V potentials decreased with speed in both gaits and, at 6-8 km h −1 , were significantly larger in running. At low to moderate walking speeds (2-6 km h −1 ), the changes in GM force potentials were not associated with substantial changes in CMAPD (and C net ), whereas at walking speeds of 7-8 km h −1 , even small changes in force potentials were associated with steep increases in CMAPD (and C net ). These data suggest that: (i) the walk to run transition could be explained by an abrupt increase in C net driven by an upregulation of the EMG activity (e.g., in CMAPD) at sustained walking speeds (>7 km h −1 ) and (ii) the reduction in the muscle's ability to produce force (e.g., in the F-L and F-V potentials) contributes to the increase in CMAPD (and C net ). Switching to running allows regaining of high force potentials, thus limiting the increase in CMAPD (and C net ) that would otherwise occur to sustain the increase in locomotion speed.

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Pendular mechanism determinants and elastic energy usage during walking of obese and non‐obese children

Peyré‐Tartaruga,

Oliveira,

Dewolf

et al. 2023

Experimental Physiology

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The mechanical and metabolic responses of walking by obese children are not yet well understood. The objectives of this study were (1) to compare the pendular mechanism (recovery, phase shift by α and β values, and ratio between forward and vertical mechanical work), the maximum possible elastic energy usage and the bilateral coordination during walking between non‐obese and obese children, and (2) to verify if the bilateral coordination could contribute to understanding the pendular mechanism and elastic energy usage in these populations. Nine obese (six female, 8.7 ± 0.5 years, 1.38 ± 0.04 m, 44.4 ± 6.3 kg and 24.1 ± 3.50 kg/m2) and eight non‐obese (four female, 7.4 ± 0.5 years, 1.31 ± 0.08 m, 26.6 ± 2.1 kg and 16.4 ± 1.40 kg/m2) children were analysed during walking on a treadmill at five speeds: 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 km/h. The results indicated that although the mechanical energy response of the centre of mass during walking is similar between obese and non‐obese children, the obese children showed a lower pendulum‐like mechanism and greater elastic energy usage during level walking. Therefore, obese children seem to use more elastic energy during walking compared to non‐obese children, which may be related to their apparent higher positive work production during the double support phase. Finally, bilateral coordination presented high values at slow speeds in both groups and requires further attention due to its association with falls.New Findings What is the central question of this study? Are there any differences of the pendular and elastic mechanisms and bilateral coordination during walking between non‐obese and obese children? What is the main finding and its importance? To our knowledge, this study is the first to analyse the mechanical energy usage and the bilateral coordination of obese and non‐obese children during walking. Obese children had a lower pendular recovery mechanism and used more elastic energy compared to non‐obese children. The bilateral coordination was higher at slow speeds in both groups and requires further attention due to its association with falls.

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The phase shift between potential and kinetic energy in human walking

Cited by 7 publications

References 13 publications

Biomechanical responses of Nordic walking in people with Parkinson's disease

Biomechanical responses of Nordic walking in people with Parkinson's disease

The interplay between gastrocnemius medialis force–length and force–velocity potentials, cumulative EMG activity and energy cost at speeds above and below the walk to run transition speed

Pendular mechanism determinants and elastic energy usage during walking of obese and non‐obese children

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