The phase-in and phase-out of European emissions of HCFC-141b and HCFC-142b under the Montreal Protocol: Evidence from observations at Mace Head, Ireland and Jungfraujoch, Switzerland from 1994 to 2004

Derwent, R.G.; Simmonds, P. G.; Greally, B. R.; O’Doherty, Simon; McCulloch, Archie; Manning, Alistair J.; Reimann, Stefan; Folini, Doris; Vollmer, M. K.

doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.09.009

Cited by 43 publications

(38 citation statements)

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“…HCFC-22 and HCFC-142b are long-lived refrigerants, foam-blowing agents and solvents whose atmospheric concentrations are rapidly increasing Derwent et al, 2007;Montzka et al, 2009). Their mixing ratios over the oil sands were greater than at any other time during the flight, with maximum values of 212 pptv HCFC-22 and 22 pptv HCFC-142b -or respective enhancements of 12% and 18% over the average background (Table 1; Fig.…”

Section: Strongly Enhanced Halocarbonsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of trace gases measured over Alberta oil sands mining operations: 76 speciated C2–C10 volatile organic compounds (VOCs), CO2, CH4, CO, NO, NO2, NOy, O3 and SO2

et al. 2010

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Abstract. Oil sands comprise 30% of the world's oil reserves and the crude oil reserves in Canada's oil sands deposits are second only to Saudi Arabia. The extraction and processing of oil sands is much more challenging than for light sweet crude oils because of the high viscosity of the bitumen contained within the oil sands and because the bitumen is mixed with sand and contains chemical impurities such as sulphur. Despite these challenges, the importance of oil sands is increasing in the energy market. To our best knowledge this is the first peer-reviewed study to characterize volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from Alberta's oil sands mining sites. We present high-precision gas chromatography measurements of 76 speciated C 2 -C 10 VOCs (alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, cycloalkanes, aromatics, monoterpenes, oxygenated hydrocarbons, halocarbons and sulphur compounds) in 17 boundary layer air samples collected over surface mining operations in northeast Alberta on 10 July 2008, using the NASA DC-8 airborne laboratory as a research platform. In addition to the VOCs, we present simultaneous measurements of CO 2 , CH 4 , CO, NO, NO 2 , NO y , O 3 and SO 2 , which were measured in situ aboard the DC-8.Carbon dioxide, CH 4 , CO, NO, NO 2 , NO y , SO 2 and 53 VOCs (e.g., non-methane hydrocarbons, halocarbons, sulphur species) showed clear statistical enhancements (1.1-397×) over the oil sands compared to local background valCorrespondence to: I. J. Simpson (isimpson@uci.edu) ues and, with the exception of CO, were greater over the oil sands than at any other time during the flight. Twenty halocarbons (e.g., CFCs, HFCs, halons, brominated species) either were not enhanced or were minimally enhanced (<10%) over the oil sands. Ozone levels remained low because of titration by NO, and three VOCs (propyne, furan, MTBE) remained below their 3 pptv detection limit throughout the flight. Based on their correlations with one another, the compounds emitted by the oil sands industry fell into two groups: (1) evaporative emissions from the oil sands and its products and/or from the diluent used to lower the viscosity of the extracted bitumen (i.e., C 4 -C 9 alkanes, C 5 -C 6 cycloalkanes, C 6 -C 8 aromatics), together with CO; and (2) emissions associated with the mining effort, such as upgraders (i.e., CO 2 , CO, CH 4 , NO, NO 2 , NO y , SO 2 , C 2 -C 4 alkanes, C 2 -C 4 alkenes, C 9 aromatics, short-lived solvents such as C 2 Cl 4 and C 2 HCl 3 , and longer-lived species such as HCFC-22 and HCFC-142b). Prominent in the second group, SO 2 and NO were remarkably enhanced over the oil sands, with maximum mixing ratios of 38.7 ppbv and 5.0 ppbv, or 383× and 319× the local background, respectively. These SO 2 levels are comparable to maximum values measured in heavily polluted megacities such as Mexico City and are attributed to coke combustion. By contrast, relatively poor correlations between CH 4 , ethane and propane suggest low levels of natural gas leakage despite its heavy use at the surface mining sites. Instead the elevat...

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Section: Strongly Enhanced Halocarbonsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of trace gases measured over Alberta oil sands mining operations: 76 speciated C2–C10 volatile organic compounds (VOCs), CO2, CH4, CO, NO, NO2, NOy, O3 and SO2

et al. 2010

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“…They were substituted by natural refrigerants including hydrocarbons and ammonia and by another class of halocarbons, the hydro-chlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), which have lower stratospheric ozone-depletion potentials (ODPs) and lower global warming potentials (GWPs) than the CFCs. Regulation of the production and consumption of HCFCs under the Montreal Protocol led to a strong decline in their emissions over Europe after 2004 Derwent et al, 2007;Graziosi et al, 2015), whereas emissions were still increasing in developing countries until recently (Saikawa et al, 2012;Xiang et al, 2014). Today, HCFCs and CFCs are mainly replaced by chlorine-free hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), which are no longer harmful to the ozone layer except for minor indirect effects (Hurwitz et al, 2015), although some have large GWPs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of four inverse modelling systems applied to the estimation of HFC-125, HFC-134a, and SF6 emissions over Europe

et al. 2017

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Abstract. Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) are used in a range of industrial applications and have largely replaced previously used gases (CFCs and HCFCs). HFCs are not ozonedepleting but have large global warming potentials and are, therefore, reported to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Here, we use four independent inverse models to estimate European emissions of the two HFCs contributing the most to global warming (HFC-134a and HFC-125) and of SF 6 for the year 2011. Using an ensemble of inverse models offers the possibility to better understand systematic uncertainties in inversions. All systems relied on the same measurement time series from Jungfraujoch (Switzerland), Mace Head (Ireland), and Monte Cimone (Italy) and the same a priori estimates of the emissions, but differed in terms of the Lagrangian transport model (FLEXPART, NAME), inversion method (Bayesian, extended Kalman filter), treatment of baseline mole fractions, spatial gridding, and a priori uncertainties. The model systems were compared with respect to the ability to reproduce the measurement time series, the spatial distribution of the posterior emissions, uncertainty reductions, and total emissions estimated for selected countries. All systems were able to reproduce the measurement time series very well, with prior correlations between 0.5 and 0.9 and posterior correlations being higher by 0.05 to 0.1. For HFC-125, all models estimated higher emissions from Spain + Portugal than reported to UNFCCC (median higher by 390 %) though with a large scatter between individual estimates. Estimates for Germany (+140 %) and Ireland (+850 %) were also considerably higher than UNFCCC, whereas the estimates for France and the UK were consistent with the national reports. In contrast to HFC-125, HFC-134a emissions from Spain + Portugal were broadly consistent with UNFCCC, and emissions from Germany were only 30 % higher. The data suggest that the UK over-reports its HFC-134a emissions to UNFCCC, as the model median emission was significantly lower, by 50 %. An overestimation of both HFC-125 and HFC-134a emissions by about a factor of 2 was also found for a group of eastern European countries (Czech Republic + Poland + Slovakia), though with less confidence since the measurement network has a low sensitivity to these countries. Consistent with UNFCCC, the models identified Germany as the highest national emitter of SF 6 in Europe, and the model median emission was only 1 % lower than the UNFCCC numbers. In contrast, the model median emissions were 2-3 times higher than UNFCCC numbers for Italy, France, and Spain + Portugal. The country-aggregated emissions from the different models often did not overlap within the range of the analytical uncertainties formally given by the inversion systems, suggesting that parametric and structuralPublished by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. Comparison of four inverse modelling systems applied to the estimation of emissions uncertainties are often dominant ...

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“…HCFC-142b is applied mainly as a foam blowing agent for extruded polystyrene boards and as a replacement for CFC-12 in refrigeration applications [Derwent, et al, 2007]. Our total esti- [Carpenter and Reimann, 2014;Montzka, et al, 2015].…”

Section: Sions (S-ml S-ms S-uh S-ul) the Uncertainty Range Givenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Abundance and Sources of Atmospheric Halocarbons in the Eastern Mediterranean

Schoenenberger¹,

Henne²,

Hill³

et al. 2017

Preprint

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15A wide range of anthropogenic halocarbons is released to the atmosphere, contributing to stratospheric ozone depletion and global warming. Using measurements of atmospheric abundances for the estimation of halocarbon emissions on the global and regional scale has become an important top-down tool for emission validation in the recent past, but many populated and developing areas of the world are only poorly covered by the existing atmospheric halocarbon and 9.7 (4.3-15.7) Tg CO2eq yr -1 , respectively. These emissions contributed 17.3% (7.9-27.4%) and 53% (23.5-86%) to the total inversion domain, which covers the Eastern Mediterranean as well as Central and Western Europe. Greek bottom-up HFC emissions reported to the UNFCCC were much smaller than our top-down estimates, whereas for Turkey our estimates agreed with 40 UNFCCC-reported values for HFC-125 and HFC-143a, but were much and slightly smaller for HFC-134a and HFC-152a, respectively. Sensitivity estimates suggest an improvement of the a posteriori emission estimates, i.e. a reduction of the uncertainties by 40-80%, compared to an inversion using only the existing Central European AGAGE observations. Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi

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The phase-in and phase-out of European emissions of HCFC-141b and HCFC-142b under the Montreal Protocol: Evidence from observations at Mace Head, Ireland and Jungfraujoch, Switzerland from 1994 to 2004

Cited by 43 publications

References 8 publications

Characterization of trace gases measured over Alberta oil sands mining operations: 76 speciated C<sub>2</sub>–C<sub>10</sub> volatile organic compounds (VOCs), CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub>, CO, NO, NO<sub>2</sub>, NO<sub>y</sub>, O<sub>3</sub> and SO<sub>2</sub>

Characterization of trace gases measured over Alberta oil sands mining operations: 76 speciated C<sub>2</sub>–C<sub>10</sub> volatile organic compounds (VOCs), CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub>, CO, NO, NO<sub>2</sub>, NO<sub>y</sub>, O<sub>3</sub> and SO<sub>2</sub>

Comparison of four inverse modelling systems applied to the estimation of HFC-125, HFC-134a, and SF<sub>6</sub> emissions over Europe

Abundance and Sources of Atmospheric Halocarbons in the Eastern Mediterranean

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The phase-in and phase-out of European emissions of HCFC-141b and HCFC-142b under the Montreal Protocol: Evidence from observations at Mace Head, Ireland and Jungfraujoch, Switzerland from 1994 to 2004

Cited by 43 publications

References 8 publications

Comparison of four inverse modelling systems applied to the estimation of HFC-125, HFC-134a, and SF&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt; emissions over Europe

Abundance and Sources of Atmospheric Halocarbons in the Eastern Mediterranean

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Comparison of four inverse modelling systems applied to the estimation of HFC-125, HFC-134a, and SF<sub>6</sub> emissions over Europe