The pharmacology of MS 222 (ethyl-m-aminobenzoate) in squalus acanthias

Stenger, Vincent G.; Maren, Thomas H.

doi:10.1016/s0306-3623(74)80005-4

Cited by 36 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…In fish, anaesthetics are mainly eliminated via the gills in unchanged form (Hayton et al 1996;Hunn and Allen 1974;Hunn et al 1968;Meinertz et al 1991;Stenger and Maren 1974). Some may also undergo metabolism before elimination (Hayton et al 1996;Meinertz et al 1991;Ryan 1992;Stenger and Maren 1974).…”

Section: Pharmacokineticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some may also undergo metabolism before elimination (Hayton et al 1996;Meinertz et al 1991;Ryan 1992;Stenger and Maren 1974).…”

Section: Pharmacokineticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The plasma concentration versus time curve was biphasic, which indicates two compartments. A biphasic plasma elimination curve was also found in the elasmobranch dogfish (Squalus acanthias) following arterial injection of MS-222 (Stenger and Maren 1974). MS-222 was excreted rapidly across the gills, mainly in unchanged form.…”

Section: Pharmacokineticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Atlantic halibut, on the other hand, seem to recover more slowly at higher temperatures, but in spite of longer recovery time the fish displayed stronger reactions to handling, indicating a lack of anaesthetic effect (Zahl et al 2011). In large Atlantic cod (1,000 g) anaesthetised at a low water temperature (8°C), the dosage of both Isoeugenol 3.0 9.9 3.6 9 10 2 Quinaldine 2.6 5.7 5.0 9 10 2 Source: ChemIDplus, U.S. National Library of Medicine a The values indicated for log P, pKa and water solubility are applicable to etomidate b Source: Stenger and Maren (1974) metomidate and MS-222 had to be reduced, while for benzocaine no suitable dosage was found ). This was due to the fact that after five minutes of exposure to benzocaine the fish reacted both to handling and to the caudal peduncle pinch, but suffered respiratory arrest and died in the recovery bath.…”

Section: Water Temperaturementioning

confidence: 99%

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Anaesthesia of farmed fish: implications for welfare

Zahl

Samuelsen

Kiessling

2011

Fish Physiol Biochem

262

188

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During their life cycle as farmed animals, there are several situations in which fish are subjected to handling and confinement. Netting, weighing, sorting, vaccination, transport and, at the end, slaughter are frequent events under farming conditions. As research subjects, fish may also undergo surgical procedures that range from tagging, sampling and small incisions to invasive procedures. In these situations, treatment with anaesthetic agents may be necessary in order to ensure the welfare of the fish. The main objective of this paper is to review our knowledge of the effects of anaesthetic agents in farmed fish and their possible implications for welfare. As wide variations in response to anaesthesia have been observed both between and within species, special attention has been paid to the importance of secondary factors such as body weight, water temperature and acute stress. In this review, we have limited ourselves to the anaesthetic agents such as benzocaine, metacaine (MS-222), metomidate hydrochloride, isoeugenol, 2-phenoxyethanol and quinaldine. Anaesthetic protocols of fish usually refer to one single agent, whereas protocols of human and veterinary medicine cover combinations of several drugs, each contributing to the effects needed in the anaesthesia. As stress prior to anaesthesia may result in abnormal reactions, pre-anaesthetic sedation is regularly used in order to reduce or avoid stress and is an integral part of the veterinary protocols of higher vertebrates. Furthermore, the anaesthetic agents that are used in order to obtain general anaesthesia are combined with analgesic agents that target nociception. The increased use of such combinations in fish is therefore included as a special section. Anaesthetic agents are widely used to avoid stress during various farming procedures. While several studies report that anaesthetics are effective in reducing the stress associated with confinement and handling, there are indications that anaesthesia may in itself induce a stress response, measured by elevated levels of cortisol. MS-222 has been reported to elicit high cortisol release rates immediately following exposure, while benzocaine causes a bimodal response. Metomidate has an inhibitory effect on cortisol in fish and seems to induce the lowest release of cortisol of the agents reported in the literature. Compared to what is observed following severe stressors such as handling and confinement, the amount of cortisol released in response to anaesthesia appears to be low but may represent an extra load under otherwise stressful circumstances. Furthermore, anaesthetics may cause secondary adverse reactions such as acidosis and osmotic stress due to respiratory arrest and insufficient exchange of gas and ions between the blood and the water. All in all, anaesthetics may reduce stress and thereby improve welfare but can also have unwanted side effects that reduce the welfare of the fish and should therefore always be used with caution. Finally, on the basis of the data reported in the literature and o...

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Section: Pharmacokineticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some may also undergo metabolism before elimination (Hayton et al 1996;Meinertz et al 1991;Ryan 1992;Stenger and Maren 1974).…”

Section: Pharmacokineticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Pharmacokineticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Water Temperaturementioning

confidence: 99%

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Anaesthesia of farmed fish: implications for welfare

Zahl

Samuelsen

Kiessling

2011

Fish Physiol Biochem

262

188

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“…Biotransformation and excretion of xenobiotics by fishes have been subjects of increasing interest over the past 20 years (Adamson, 1967;Smith, 1968;DeWaide, 1971 ;Stenger & Maren, 1974). Most of these investigators studied biotransformation by using in vitro techniques.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Renal excretion in channel catfish following injection of quinaldine sulphate or 3‐ trifluoromethyl‐4‐nitrophenol

Allen

Hunn

1977

Journal of Fish Biology

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Channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus Rafinesque, injected intraperitoneally with 2-methylquinoline sulphate (QdSO,) or 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) eliminate most of the dose of these compounds by extra-renal routes. Patterns of renal excretion of Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, and C1-(pEq kg-l h-l) appeared to be associated with the ' stress ' of the urine collection technique rather than with the elimination of either compound. Concentrations of Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mga+, and C1-(mEq/l) were determined in urine, plasma and gall bladder bile.

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