The pharmacology of dietary nitrate and the origin of urinary nitrate

Bartholomew, Barbara; Hill, Michael J.

doi:10.1016/0278-6915(84)90116-9

Cited by 156 publications

(110 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Nitrate is absorbed in the upper gastroititestinal tract, and all ingested nitrate will eventually be excreted in the urine [12,17]. Urinary nitrate reaches its maximum level 4-6 h after an oral load, and returns to baseline after about 18 h [13].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitric oxide synthesis in patients with advanced HIV infection

Evans

Rasmussen

Wiebke

et al. 1994

Clinical and Experimental Immunology

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SUMMARYThe discovery that humans produce nitric oxide and that this molecule plays an important role in cell communication, host resistance to infection, and perhaps in host defence to neoplastic disease, has created much interest in further research on its function in the body. A cytokine-inducible high output L-arginine/nitric oxide pathway was recently detected in patients with advanced malignancy treated with IL-2. The production of nitric oxide was thus examined in patients with advanced HIV infection and in intensive care unit control patients. Extrinsic nitrate and nitrite consumption were carefully controlled in the diet or through the use of total parenteral nutrition. Seven of eight HIV^ patients were placed into positive nitrogen balance. Nitric oxide synthesis was found to be within the normal human range. In contrast, nitric oxide synthesis in extremely ill intensive care unit patients was low normal to depressed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitric oxide synthesis in patients with advanced HIV infection

Evans

Rasmussen

Wiebke

et al. 1994

Clinical and Experimental Immunology

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“…Major dietary sources of nitrite include cured meat and cereals but about 90% of ingested nitrite by humans is accounted for by the reduction of nitrate (present in high content in green leafy vegetables such as lettuce and spinach) in the oral cavity via the action of nitrate reductase expressed by microorganisms present in the surface of the mouth [10][11][12]. Ingested nitrate is readily absorbed in the upper small intestine [13] and equilibrates with body fluids but 25% is actively secreted by the salivary glands back to the mouth [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Red wine-dependent reduction of nitrite to nitric oxide in the stomach

Gago

Lundberg

Barbosa

et al. 2007

Free Radical Biology and Medicine

153

111

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Nitrite may be a source for nitric oxide ( U NO), particularly in highly acidic environments, such as the stomach. Diet products contribute also with reductants that dramatically increase the production of U NO from nitrite. Red wine has been attributed health promoting properties largely on basis of the reductive antioxidant properties of its polyphenolic fraction. We show in vitro that wine, wine anthocyanin fraction and wine catechol (caffeic acid) dose-and pH-dependently promote the formation of U NO when mixed with nitrite, as measured electrochemically. The production of U NO promoted by wine from nitrite was substantiated in vivo in healthy volunteers by measuring U NO in the air expelled from the stomach, following consumption of wine, as measured by chemiluminescence. Mechanistically, the reaction involves the univalent reduction of nitrite, as suggested by the formation of U NO and by the appearance of EPR spectra assigned to wine phenolic radicals. Ascorbic and caffeic acids cooperate in the reduction of nitrite to U NO. Moreover, reduction of nitrite is critically dependent on the phenolic structure and nitro-derivatives of phenols are also formed, as suggested by caffeic acid UV spectral modifications. The reduction of nitrite may reveal previously unrecognized physiologic effects of red wine in connection with U NO bioactivity.

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“…Although this has been challenged by some workers (Bartholomew & Hill, 1984), 13N studies in rats and human NO, balance studies indicate that a further source of NO, results from endogenous formation in the tissues and that NO, is secreted into the gastrointestinal tract at several locations (Witter et al, 1979;Lee et al, 1986). Furthermore, recent work by Iyengar et al (1987) has shown that stimulated macrophages synthesize and secrete NO, and NO:.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Nitrate on Methane Production and Fermentation by Slurries of Human Faecal Bacteria

Allison

Macfarlane²

1988

Microbiology

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Most probable number counts showed that denitrifying species were the numerically predominant NO, reducing bacteria in the faeces of five methanogenic individuals [about 1O1O bacteria (g dry wt faeces)-']. In faecal slurries, however, denitrification was a relatively minor route of NO, dissimilation, since only about 3 % of the NO, was converted to gaseous products, with NO: being mainly reduced to NO, and NHI. When K N 0 2 was added to the slurries, denitrification became quantitatively more significant with approximately 23 % of the NO: being lost as gaseous products. The addition of KNO, (10 mM) to slurries containing either starch or casein significantly decreased H2 and CH4 production. The effect of NO? on methanogenesis was twofold : firstly, H2 accumulation decreased due to diversion of electrons towards NOg/NO? reduction, and as a result of H2 being used as an electron donor for NO, reduction, resulting in the removal of the methanogenic substrate ; secondly, there was direct inhibition of methane-producing bacteria by NO, and NO?. In starch-containing slurries, acetate : butyrate molar ratios were increased when NO: was added but this effect was not observed when casein replaced starch. These results show that the ability of NOg/NO? to act as an electron sink can significantly influence the major products of the human colonic fermentation.

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The pharmacology of dietary nitrate and the origin of urinary nitrate

Cited by 156 publications

References 13 publications

Nitric oxide synthesis in patients with advanced HIV infection

Nitric oxide synthesis in patients with advanced HIV infection

Red wine-dependent reduction of nitrite to nitric oxide in the stomach

Effect of Nitrate on Methane Production and Fermentation by Slurries of Human Faecal Bacteria

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