The Pharmacology of Cocaine Smoking in Humans

Rt, Jones

doi:10.1037/e496372006-004

Cited by 20 publications

(18 citation statements)

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“…These routes differ in how much drug they deliver to the organism, but also in how fast [49], [56]. Cocaine taken by any of these routes can lead to addiction.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cues Paired with either Rapid or Slower Self-Administered Cocaine Injections Acquire Similar Conditioned Rewarding Properties

2011

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The faster drugs of abuse reach the brain, the more addictive they can be. It is not known why this is. Environmental stimuli associated with drugs can promote the development and persistence of addiction by invigorating and precipitating drug-seeking behaviour. We determined, therefore, whether cues associated with the self-administration of rapidly delivered cocaine (injected intravenously over 5 versus 90 seconds) would acquire greater conditioned rewarding properties, as assessed by the performance of an operant response reinforced solely by the cues. Rats nose-poked for intravenous cocaine infusions delivered either over 5 or 90 seconds. Discrete visual cues accompanied each infusion. The rats could then press a lever to obtain the cues—now a conditioned reward—or an inactive lever. Rats in both the 5- and 90-second groups pressed more on the active versus inactive lever following extensive (24 sessions) but not following limited (3 sessions) self-administration training. There were no group differences in this behaviour. Following withdrawal from cocaine self-administration, lever discrimination progressively abated in both groups and was lost by withdrawal day 30. However, the rewarding properties of the cues were not “forgotten” because on withdrawal days 32–33, amphetamine selectively enhanced active-lever pressing, and did so to a similar extent in both groups. Thus, cues paired with rapid or slower cocaine delivery acquire similar conditioned rewarding properties. We conclude, therefore, that the rapid delivery of cocaine to the brain promotes addiction by mechanisms that might not involve a greater ability of drug cues to control behaviour.

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“…These routes differ in how much drug they deliver to the organism, but also in how fast [49], [56]. Cocaine taken by any of these routes can lead to addiction.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cues Paired with either Rapid or Slower Self-Administered Cocaine Injections Acquire Similar Conditioned Rewarding Properties

2011

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“…At temperatures of 255-420°C, the amount of COC converted to MED was 50-80% and at 650°C the conversion could be as high as 89% (Martin et al, 1989;Nakahara and Ishigami, 1991). Owing to variations in the composition of cocaine smoke, bioavailability of the compound and its pharmacology are difficult to predict (Jones, 1990).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Concentration profiles of cocaine, pyrolytic methyl ecgonidine and thirteen metabolites in human blood and urine: determination by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

Paul

Lalani

Bosy

et al. 2005

Biomed. Chromatogr.

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When cocaine is smoked, a pyrolytic product, methyl ecgonidine (anhydroecgonine methyl ester), is also consumed with the cocaine. The amount of methyl ecgonidine formed depends on the pyrolytic conditions and composition of the illicit cocaine. This procedure describes detection of cocaine and 10 metabolites--cocaethylene, nor-cocaine, nor-cocaethylene, methyl ecgonine, ethyl ecgonine, benzoylecgonine, nor-benzoylecgonine, m-hydroxybenzoylecgonine, p-hydroxybenzoylecgonine and ecgonine--in blood and urine. In addition, the detection of pyrolytic methyl ecgonidine and three metabolites--ecgonidine (anhydroecgonine), ethyl ecgonidine (anhydroecgonine ethyl ester) and nor-ecgonidine (nor-anhydroecgonine)--are included. The newly described metabolites, ethyl ecgonidine and nor-ecgonidine, were synthesized and characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). All 15 compounds were extracted from 3 mL of blood or urine by solid-phase extraction and identified by a GC-MS method. The overall recoveries were 49% for methyl ecgonine, 35% for ethyl ecgonine, 29% for ecgonine and more than 83% for all other drugs. The limits of detection were between 0.5 and 4.0 ng/mL except for ecgonine, which was 16 ng/mL. Linearity for each analyte was established and in all cases correlation coefficients were 0.9985-1.0000. The procedure was applied to examine the concentration profiles of analytes of interest in post-mortem (PM) blood and urine, and in urine collected from living individuals (LV). These specimens previously were shown to be positive for the cocaine metabolite, benzoylecgonine. Ecgonidine, the major metabolite of methyl ecgonidine, was present in 77% of PM and 88% of the LV specimens, indicating smoking as the major route of cocaine administration. The new pyrolytic metabolites, ethyl ecgonidine and nor-ecgonidine, were present in smaller amounts. The urine concentrations of nor-ecgonidine were 0-163 ng/mL in LV and 0-75 ng/mL in PM specimens. Ethyl ecgonidine was found only in PM urine at concentrations 0-39 ng/mL. Ethanol-related cocaine metabolites, ethyl ecgonine or cocaethylene, were present in 69% of PM and 53% of cocaine-positive LV specimens, implying alcohol consumption with cocaine use. The four major metabolites of cocaine--benzoylecgonine, ecgonine, nor-benzoylecgonine and methyl ecgonine--constituted approximately 88 and 97% of all metabolites in PM and LV specimens, respectively. The concentrations of nor-cocaine and nor-cocaethylene were consistently the lowest of all cocaine metabolites. At benzoylecgonine concentrations below 100 ng/mL, ecgonine was present at the highest concentrations. In 20 urine specimens, benzoylecgonine and ecgonine median concentrations (range) were 54 (0-47) and 418 ng/mL (95-684), respectively. Therefore, detection of ecgonine is advantageous when benzoylecgonine concentrations are below 100 ng/mL.

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“…Son múltiples los factores que determinan la mayor severidad de la dependencia y mayor prevalencia de autolesiones e intentos de suicidio en los consumidores de PBC en relación a los de CC. La vía de administración pulmonar se ha asociado a adicciones más severas 24,25 ; la PBC contiene una variedad de sustancias tóxicas derivadas de los hidrocarburos 2,26 que pueden tener algún rol en la aparición de las conductas de riesgo asociadas a la adicción. Otro factor reportado en los consumidores de PBC es la mayor disfuncionalidad familiar comparados con los consumidores de CC 14 .…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

Intentos de suicidio y heridas auto-inferidas: 12 meses de seguimiento de conductas de riesgo de consumidores de cocaína no consultantes de servicios de rehabilitación

et al. 2016

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The Pharmacology of Cocaine Smoking in Humans

Cited by 20 publications

References 0 publications

Cues Paired with either Rapid or Slower Self-Administered Cocaine Injections Acquire Similar Conditioned Rewarding Properties

Cues Paired with either Rapid or Slower Self-Administered Cocaine Injections Acquire Similar Conditioned Rewarding Properties

Concentration profiles of cocaine, pyrolytic methyl ecgonidine and thirteen metabolites in human blood and urine: determination by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

Intentos de suicidio y heridas auto-inferidas: 12 meses de seguimiento de conductas de riesgo de consumidores de cocaína no consultantes de servicios de rehabilitación

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