The Pharmacology of Cannabinoids

Copas, Greg; Almeida, Erik Amazonas de; Brandon, Sarah

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-68317-7_2

Cited by 2 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 129 publications

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“…In addition, they may accumulate in adipose tissue, liver, lungs, spleen, brain, and muscles, with subsequent continued release after the rapid initial reduction of their plasma levels. CBD and THC may reach a steady state with continuous treatments or high doses in a short period ( 3 , 7 ). Metabolism .…”

Section: Pharmacokinetic Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a result, the use of cannabinoids has been suggested as multimodal pain management without adverse effects in the gastrointestinal tract or glomerular filtration ( 57 – 59 ). Doses should be decreased when cannabinoids are combined with other drugs that work through calcium channels (such as gabapentin) to avoid excessive sedation ( 7 ). Cannabinoids should be avoided in pregnancy, nursing animals, and animals under 8 weeks of age ( 60 ).…”

Section: Pharmacodynamics and Receptors In The Endocannabinoid Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Acute, chronic, and neuropathic pain management uses new substances that assist traditional analgesics, such as NSAIDs, opioids, local anesthetics, and a ketamine. Therefore, cannabinoids are suggested as a complementary and effective alternative ( 7 ). To manage pain, drugs that intervene in the nociceptive pathway should be used as part of a multimodal protocol ( 20 , 81 ), which is seen as a therapeutic advantage for the endocannabinoid system, as it is expressed in the ascending (perception) and descending (modulation) pathways of the periphery and terminal central of primary afferents ( 47 ).…”

Section: The Role Of Cannabinoids In Pain Modulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several authors have reported that histological analysis, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence revealed immunoreactivity in the cerebral cortex, cornu ammonis, and dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, where cells that react to CB1 were found, proving the presence and participation of cannabinoids in chronic pain control and patients with epilepsy ( 7 , 58 ). These findings confirm that synthetic agonists found in cannabinoids or endocannabinoids prevent central sensitization due to the inhibition of GABA, glutamate, and voltage-dependent channels ( 72 , 73 , 82 ).…”

Section: The Role Of Cannabinoids In Pain Modulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These substances have been used to treat health problems such as cephalgia, fever, bacterial infections, diarrhea, rheumatic pain, or malaria ( 4 , 6 ). These resulted in the approval of cannabis-based products such as dronabinol, nabilone, and an extract of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ 9 -THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) ( 7 ). The total synthesis of (-) and (+) optical isomers was first published in 1965 ( 8 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The role of cannabinoids in pain modulation in companion animals

et al. 2023

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The use of cannabinoids in both veterinary and human medicine is controversial for legal and ethical reasons. Nonetheless, the availability and therapeutic use of naturally occurring or synthetic phytocannabinoids, such as Δ9-tetrahydrocannabidiol and cannabidiol, have been the focus of attention in studies regarding their medical uses. This review aims to examine the role of cannabinoids in pain modulation by analyzing scientific findings regarding the signaling pathways of the endocannabinoid system and discussing the analgesic effects of synthetic cannabinoids compared to cannabinoid extracts and the extent and involvement of their receptors. In animals, studies have shown the analgesic properties of these substances and the role of the cannabinoid binding −1 (CB1) and cannabinoid binding −2 (CB2) receptors in the endocannabinoid system to modulate acute, chronic and neuropathic pain. This system consists of three main components: endogenous ligands (anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol), G protein-coupled receptors and enzymes that degrade and recycle the ligands. Evidence suggests that their interaction with CB1 receptors inhibits signaling in pain pathways and causes psychoactive effects. On the other hand, CB2 receptors are associated with anti-inflammatory and analgesic reactions and effects on the immune system. Cannabis extracts and their synthetic derivatives are an effective therapeutic tool that contributes to compassionate pain care and participates in its multimodal management. However, the endocannabinoid system interacts with different endogenous ligands and neurotransmitters, thus offering other therapeutic possibilities in dogs and cats, such is the case of those patients who suffer from seizures or epilepsy, contact and atopic dermatitis, degenerative myelopathies, asthma, diabetes and glaucoma, among other inflammatory diseases. Moreover, these compounds have been shown to possess antineoplastic, appetite-stimulating, and antiemetic properties. Ultimately, the study of the endocannabinoid system, its ligands, receptors, mechanism of action, and signaling, has contributed to the development of research that shows that hemp-derived and their synthetic derivatives are an effective therapeutic alternative in the multimodal management of pain in dogs and cats due to their ability to prevent peripheral and central sensitization.

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Section: Pharmacokinetic Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Pharmacodynamics and Receptors In The Endocannabinoid Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Role Of Cannabinoids In Pain Modulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Role Of Cannabinoids In Pain Modulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The role of cannabinoids in pain modulation in companion animals

et al. 2023

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Case report: Cannabinoid therapy for discoid lupus erythematosus in a dog

da Silva,

Christianetti,

Amazonas

et al. 2024

Front. Vet. Sci.

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Discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) is a common autoimmune skin disease in dogs. Conventional treatments, such as corticosteroids, can be effective but often have side effects. This case report presents a successful use of cannabinoid therapy (CT) in a dog with DLE resistant to conventional treatment. A 2-year-old mixed-breed dog with a history of DLE presented with worsening lesions despite treatment with corticosteroids and other medications. Liver enzymes levels were elevated, indicating corticosteroid-induced side effects. CT with a CBD-rich full spectrum Cannabis oil was initiated. The dosage was gradually adjusted until the minimum effective dose was found. Within a few weeks of starting CT, the dog showed significant improvement in skin lesions and in liver enzymes levels. After 1 year, the dog remains clinically stable on a low dose of full-spectrum CBD-rich oil. No evidence of DLE recurrence was observed. This case suggests that CT may be a viable alternative or complementary therapy for DLE in dogs, particularly for those experiencing adverse effects from conventional treatments. Further research is warranted to confirm the efficacy and safety of CT for DLE management in dogs.

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The Pharmacology of Cannabinoids

Cited by 2 publications

References 129 publications

The role of cannabinoids in pain modulation in companion animals

The role of cannabinoids in pain modulation in companion animals

Case report: Cannabinoid therapy for discoid lupus erythematosus in a dog

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