The personality of the perceiver as a factor in person perception.

Abstract

This review shows that research on accuracy and assumed similarity has primarily led to blind alleys thus far, but investigations of attribution of specific traits, differentiation, free descriptions, and implicit personality theories show promise. Theories which attend to personality and social factors together and research dealing with personality, situational, and stimulus variables together are needed. The authors offer a framework for future research which delineates phases of the judging process and which suggests that cognitive control variables may be especially prominent in selection of cues, motivational-interpersonal variables may be important in drawing inferences from cues, and situational variables may be salient in making a verbal report. * D. N. Jackson, personal communication, 1964.

Perspective-Taking, Self-Consciousness, and Accuracy in Person Perception

“…Past writers, however, have not felt that both stereotypic and differential accuracy are affected by a common trait or ability (see Shrauger & Altrocchi, 1964, for a review). But Mead's (1947) theory of the development of the self makes it clear that the ability to use stereotype information grows out of the child's attempts at taking the perspectives of particular individuals in his or her evironment.…”

“…Reviewers have agreed that if theoretical advances are to be made in this area researchers must be more precise in their conceptualization and measurement of both empathy and accuracy (see Cline, 1964;Shrauger & Altrocchi, 1964;& Tagiuri, 1969). Unfortunately, few workers have followed-up on these suggestions (for a recent exception see Harackiewicz & DePaulo, 1982).…”

Differentiation among targets in social perception as a function of response hierarchy

“…One line of research has attempted to relate ability to differentiate among stimulus persons (targets) to personality of the judge, and has generally met with lack of success (Shrauger & Altrocchi, 1964). Findings are reported, however, by Bieri et al (1966), which suggest that cognitive complexity, as measured by the number of dimensions people use in describing others on the Kelly Role Construct Repertory Test, is positively related to tendencies to make distinctions among targets.…”

Stylistic Components of Human Judgment: The Generality of Individual Differences

“…As used here, the concept of generality refers to the internal consistency, temporal stability, and trans-situational congruence of an individual difference (Campbell & Fiske, 1959;Cronbach, Gleser, Nanda, & Rajaratnam, 1972 (Shrauger & Altrocchi, 1964), one could hazard the guess that individual differences in judgmental accuracy should have minimal cross-task generality (e.g., Crow & Hammond, 1957), while individual differences in confidence are likely to be of quite substantial generality (e.g., Johnson, 1957;Little, 1961 Tucker, 1964 Goldberg, 1970).…”