The Personal Pronouns in the Germanic Languages

Howe, Stephen

doi:10.1515/9783110819205

Cited by 40 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…During the same period, press reports and industry warnings about widespread facility closures among nursing homes in the United States caused widespread anxiety among consumer advocates, state officials and policy makers (Kitchener et al 2002). Similar concerns have been expressed in Australia in response to the introduction of care standards (Howe 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 71%

Care-home closures in England: causes and implications

2005

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In the United Kingdom, as in many other developed countries, there is an established market in the provision of long-term care-homes for older people. Implicit in the market mechanism is the assumption that homes will close, but it was not until 1999-2000 that closures of care-homes received widespread public attention. This paper draws on a multi-method study that investigated home closures in England from several perspectives. The rate of home closures rose substantially between 1998 and 2000 and, although sources give different estimates, it subsequently appears to have remained at about five per cent each year. The net result has been a reduction in capacity, particularly in smaller homes. While their emphases differed, both regulators and providers broadly pointed to the same factors behind the closures : the local authorities, the majority purchasers of care-home places, were under pressure to keep fees down, and national policies that raised costs were coming into force or were anticipated, notably the National Minimum Wage and the National Care Standards. Other factors, such as problems in recruiting suitable staff, particularly those with nursing qualifications, also played a role. The government's response, driven primarily by concerns about the effect on delayed discharges from acute hospital beds, was to retreat on the Standards and to increase funding to local authorities. While this has been a helpful step, more needs to be done to prevent good homes closing and to provide incentives that will retain and promote diverse provision.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 71%

Care-home closures in England: causes and implications

2005

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“…Germanic and Romance examples can provide us with evidences of this social factor. In the case of German, the emergence of Eure Gnaden ('your graces') and later Sie was prompted in the eastern part of the Elba river because of a quite conservative and rural society (Hickey 2003;Howe 1996). It was later generalised to all German-speaking areas.…”

Section: Socio-pragmatic Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It was later generalised to all German-speaking areas. In the case of English, Raumolin-Brunberg (2005) claims that the extension of you was the result of two facts: firstly, the phonetic stress of the object pronoun in comparison to the lack of stress of ye (nominative); secondly, the generalisation in London upper classes of you in detriment of thou as a way to differentiate themselves from the rest of the social spectrum (notice that thou is still attested in rural areas of north-eastern England, Evans 1969;Howe 1996). The universalisation of you to the rest of the society is due to the attempt of middle classes to appear to be like prestigious upper classes from London.…”

Section: Socio-pragmatic Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The politeness ofvocêin European Portuguese

Bermejo

Guilherme

2018

Studies in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics

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Abstract The employment of você in current European Portuguese is not clear. Although Brazilian Portuguese has specialised it as an informal pronoun in certain geographical areas within the country, the European variety presents its use in contexts which seem to be contradictory: informal address, formal address and pejorative address. Due to the lack of an in-depth study on the evolution of this form, we have collected data from three different corpora that reflect the real usage of você throughout the twentieth century, since it is from the nineteenth century that você started specialising as an informal pronoun. The results show a decreasing use of this pronoun and a certain degree of polyvalence due to a gradual marginalisation experienced for over one hundred years. As a consequence, the strategy of null subject plus 3sg has emerged as the unmarked politeness strategy in current European Portuguese.

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“…First of all, personal pronouns are far more frequent than full noun phrases (cf. Howe, 1996). Second, most matrix predicates in whquestions are mental verbs (verbs like 'think' and 'hope').…”

Section: Type Of Matrix Subjectmentioning

confidence: 99%

Variation in long-distance dependencies

Schippers¹,

Hoeksema²

2011

Language Variation - European Perspectives III

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2 3. The analogy account Contrary to what is assumed within the generative framework, it has recently been argued that LD-movement (specifically LD wh-movement) does not involve a productive rule at all, but rather that these constructions are based on a general template (cf. D browska, 2004, 2008; Verhagen, 2005, 2006). This analysis will be referred to as the analogy account. The idea is that any LD-construction departing from the general template is created by analogy to this template. This hypothesis springs from the observation that naturally occurring examples of LD wh-questions show very little variation regarding their type of matrix predicate and subject. D browska and Verhagen report that in English, the construction is almost exclusively attested with the matrix verb think or say, the auxiliary do and a 2 nd person pronoun as the matrix subject. D browska (2004) looked at the Manchester corpus and found that 96% of the LD wh-questions had the matrix verb 'think' or 'say'. Furthermore, 91% of the occurrences had 'you' as the subject and 99 % had some form of 'do' in the auxiliary position. D browska (2004) further looked at the CHILDES-data and found that 47 out of 49 occurrences of long-distance wh-questions were of the form "WH do you think S?" (where 'S' stands for 'subordinate clause'). In D browska (2008), additional data from the British National Corpus (BNC) is discussed. She reports that 70 % of the LD wh-questions in the spoken part of the BNC also have the form "WH do you think S?". Similar findings are reported in Verhagen (2005) and (2006) for the Brown corpus: out of 11 occurrences, 10 had the matrix verb 'think' and 1 'say'; 9 had the matrix subject you, and 10 occurred with a form of do as the auxiliary. In Verhagen (2005) and (2006), it is furthermore pointed out that Dutch shows a similar pattern. Verhagen searched the digital version of the newspaper De Volkskrant and the Eindhoven corpus for LD wh-questions. In the Eindhoven corpus, 6 out of 6 occurrences showed up with the matrix verb denken 'think' and a 2 nd person personal pronoun. Data from the Volkskrant showed that 34 out of 43 occurrences had the matrix verb denken 'think', 5 willen 'want' and 4 zeggen 'say' or vinden 'find'. Furthermore, 36 occurrences had a 2 nd person personal pronoun as the matrix subject. Based on these observations, D browska (2004, 2008) and Verhagen (2005, 2006) argue that LD-movement constructions are stored as fixed formulas as in (5a) below for English and (5b) for Dutch, and are created by analogy to this formula. (5a) [WH do you think/say [ S … ]] (5b) [WH denk je [dat …]] WH think you that On this account, the more an LD-movement construction departs from this formula, the less acceptable it will be. The limited variation in LD wh-questions indeed suggests that the construction is not as productive as a purely formal account would predict. However, as is pointed out in the next sections, our data shows considerable variation in the type of matrix predicates and subjects that may show up in LD-mov...

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The Personal Pronouns in the Germanic Languages

Cited by 40 publications

References 0 publications

Care-home closures in England: causes and implications

Care-home closures in England: causes and implications

The politeness ofvocêin European Portuguese

Variation in long-distance dependencies

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